Iron and Immunity: Immunological Consequences of Iron Deficiency and Overload

Cherayil, Bobby J.

doi:10.1007/s00005-010-0095-9

Cited by 135 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…There are a number of reviews of the role of Fe in the immune system and host susceptibility to infection (115)(116)(117)(118)(119)(120)(121)(122) . Fe deficiency induces thymus atrophy and has multiple effects on immune function in human subjects (115)(116)(117)(118) .…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects are wide ranging and include impairment of respiratory burst and bacterial killing, T-cell proliferation and production of Th1 cytokines (115)(116)(117)(118) . However, the relationship between Fe deficiency and susceptibility to infection remains uncertain (115)(116)(117)(118)(119)(120)(121)(122) . Indeed, there is evidence that infections caused by organisms that spend part of their life cycle intracellularly, such as plasmodia and mycobacteria, may actually be enhanced by Fe.…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feeding the immune system

2013

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A well-functioning immune system is key to providing good defence against pathogenic organisms and to providing tolerance to non-threatening organisms, to food components and to self. The immune system works by providing an exclusion barrier, by identifying and eliminating pathogens and by identifying and tolerating non-threatening sources of antigens, and by maintaining a memory of immunological encounters. The immune system is complex involving many different cell types distributed throughout the body and many different chemical mediators some of which are involved directly in defence while others have a regulatory role. Babies are born with an immature immune system that fully develops in the first few years of life. Immune competence can decline with ageing. The sub-optimal immune competence that occurs early and late in life increases susceptibility to infection. Undernutrition decreases immune defences, making an individual more susceptible to infection. However, the immune response to an infection can itself impair nutritional status and alter body composition. Practically all forms of immunity are affected by protein-energy malnutrition, but non-specific defences and cell-mediated immunity are most severely affected. Micronutrient deficiencies impair immune function. Here, vitamins A, D and E, and Zn, Fe and Se are discussed. The gutassociated lymphoid tissue is especially important in health and well-being because of its close proximity to a large and diverse population of organisms in the gastrointestinal tract and its exposure to food constituents. Certain probiotic bacteria which modify the gut microbiota enhance immune function in laboratory animals and may do so in human subjects.

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Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding the immune system

2013

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“…The authors suggest that the lack of differences between the intramuscular route (transport via lymph nodes) and subcutaneous route (slower absorption from adipose tissue) could be explained by the small amount of fat in 3-day-old piglets and the proximity to local lymph nodes. In their discussion of another trial conducted by Lipinski et al (2010), the authors highlighted poor response of pigs to oral iron therapy caused by an immature molecular mechanism of iron absorption (low level of duodenal divalent metal transporter 1 and ferroportin; high expression of hepcidin) [13,30,31,32,33,34]. The necessity of parenteral supplementation in piglets has also been mentioned regarding risks and benefits connected with the efficacy of anaemia treatment but also possible oxidative damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can iron work for pigs as a booster?

Urbaniak

Spyrka

Rząsa

2017

Advances in Cell Biology

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Iron deficiency is a common health problem in mammals, especially in growing piglets hence iron administration to suckling piglets is a routine practice in swine production. A total number of 160 weaners were allotted to two experimental groups according to body weight (I -cachectic underweight piglets; II -piglets with appropriate weaning body weight). Additionally, each group was divided into two subgroups, with iron administered to piglets in subgroups IA and IIA on the first day of the experiment. In order to monitor the weight gains in pigs, they were weighed twice. To estimate the haematological status, blood samples were taken on the weaning day from selected piglets (10 in each subgroup). Haematological analyses were conducted using Hb, Ht, RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC as early anaemia indicators. Additionally plasma iron (PI) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) were assessed as parameters of the actual and potential circulating extracellular iron. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of additional postweaning Fe supplementation on production results. A lower concentration of PI was noted in weaker piglets (Group IA and IB). Throughout the experiment higher daily gains were noted in Group II; differences between Group IIA and IA as well as IB were statistically confirmed at p≤ 0,01. It might be expected that an additional Fe dose applied in weaning piglets can be used as a growth promoter. On the other hand, in case of cachectic animals toxicity of supplemental iron must be taken into consideration. Running title:

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“…Through breakdown of red blood cells by reticuloendothelial system, approximately 90% of iron is recovered and a small part of the iron enters into the body and is excreted daily (6,8). States of iron overload or deficiency occur when regulatory mechanisms for extra-and intracellular iron levels do not work as expected or when the amount of iron input is outside the physiological range (9). The iron content of a diet including animal sources is roughly 6 mg/1000 kcal, consequently, the typical 2000 kcal diet of a woman in her childbearing years meets only 67% of her requirement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is believed that excessive iron can have a role in developing chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. On the other hand, iron deficiency in addi-tion to iron deficiency anemia may also lead to more serious consequences such as incidence or recurrence of some cancers (5,6,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Similar to incidence and recurrence of cancer, the role of iron in the treatment of cancer has been studied in two directions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dual Nature of Iron in Relation to Cancer: A Review

et al. 2016

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Background: Although iron is essential for all cells, it could be potentially hazardous. This is mostly due to iron participation in oxidation-reduction reactions. In terms of cancer risk, the role of both iron deficiency and overload can be studied in two directions, protective or therapeutic effects, and carcinogenic effects. Materials and Methods:PubMed, Science direct, Ovid, Proquest, Medline, and Google scholar databases were used to obtain articles identified by using the key words "Iron", "Iron deficiency", "Iron overload", "Cancer", and "Neoplasm" without any time limit. The relevance of studies was identified by reviewing the titles and the abstracts. 185 articles published in English, including experimental, observational, molecular and cellular studies were reviewed. Results and Conclusion:Considering the dual nature of iron, maintaining an optimal iron level in the body is important. This can be achieved when regulatory mechanisms of body iron level work properly and the amount of iron input is within the physiological range. Current evidence generally supports this possibility that higher animal-derived (heme) iron may increase the risk of some cancers. The release of iron or nitrosyl heme from iron complexes during some processing of meat may increase production of cancer promoter lipoperoxides. On the other hand, use of iron chelation or iron mediated oxidative assault for the treatment or prevention of cancer appears to be promising; but further research is required. Considering this background, this article reviews the literature and evidence, focusing on the role of iron overload and deficiency in developing and treatment of various cancers.

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Iron and Immunity: Immunological Consequences of Iron Deficiency and Overload

Cited by 135 publications

References 93 publications

Feeding the immune system

Feeding the immune system

Can iron work for pigs as a booster?

The Dual Nature of Iron in Relation to Cancer: A Review

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