Iron and Immunity

Brock, Jeremy H.; Maino-Fowler, Tryfonia

doi:10.1079/pns19860068

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Iron is an important mineral involved in metabolism, respiration and DNA synthesis; iron is regulated through transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) which binds and internalizes transferrin and also exhibits a 24-h rhythm (Sorokin et al, 1989). Furthermore, iron metabolism and immunity are closely related; TNF-α and IL-6 inflammatory cytokines directly stimulate iron storage proteins (Brock and Mainou-Fowler, 1986; Torti et al, 1988; Rogers, 1996). …”

Section: Circadian Rhythm Alteration and Increased Risk Of Crcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Molecular Targets of Lifestyle Modifications in Colon Cancer Prevention

Derry¹,

Raina²,

Agarwal³

et al. 2013

Front. Oncol.

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One in four deaths in the United States is cancer-related, and colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths. Screening strategies are utilized but have not reduced disease incidence or mortality. In this regard, there is an interest in cancer preventive strategies focusing on lifestyle intervention, where specific etiologic factors involved in cancer initiation, promotion, and progression could be targeted. For example, exposure to dietary carcinogens, such as nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons influences colon carcinogenesis. Furthermore, dietary deficiencies could alter sensitivity to genetic damage and influence carcinogen metabolism contributing to CRC. High alcohol consumption increases the risk of mutations including the fact that acetaldehyde, an ethanol metabolite, is classified as a group 1 carcinogen. Tobacco smoke exposure is also a risk factor for cancer development; approximately 20% of CRCs are associated with smoking. Additionally, obese patients have a higher risk of cancer development, which is further supported by the fact that physical activity decreases CRC risk by 55%. Similarly, chronic inflammatory conditions also increase the risk of CRC development. Moreover, the circadian clock alters digestion and regulates other biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes that could influence CRC. Taken together, colon carcinogenesis involves a number of etiological factors, and therefore, to create effective preventive strategies, molecular targets need to be identified and beleaguered prior to disease progression. With this in mind, the following is a comprehensive review identifying downstream target proteins of the above lifestyle risk factors, which are modulated during colon carcinogenesis and could be targeted for CRC prevention by novel agents including phytochemicals.

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Section: Circadian Rhythm Alteration and Increased Risk Of Crcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Molecular Targets of Lifestyle Modifications in Colon Cancer Prevention

Derry¹,

Raina²,

Agarwal³

et al. 2013

Front. Oncol.

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“…After several weeks, the rodents are severely copper deficient and often anemic. Since iron deficiency is also immunosuppressive (Brock 1993), the failure to differentiate between the influences of inadequate copper and iron on the development and activities of the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells can complicate interpretation of data. Moreover, frank copper deficiency is rare in humans (Danks 1988).…”

Section: Nutritional Relevance Of Experimental Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Low Copper Status Immunosuppressive?

Failla

Hopkins

2009

Nutrition Reviews

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“…For example, iron is an essential cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase [8], RNA polymerase III [9,10], various amino acid hydroxylases and dioxygenases [11,12], and the enzymes in microbial and mammalian cells which participate in oxygen metabolism, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase [13]. Iron is also necessary for the action of cytochromes, hydrogenase, ferridoxin and succinate dehydrogenase involved in electron transfer [14][15][16], and in vertebrates, neutrophil function, Tand B-lymphocyte activity and natural killer cell function are all dependent on iron [16][17][18].…”

Section: Iron In Biological Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reduction in serum iron levels in response to infection has been suggested to be a non-specific host defence mechanism, known somewhat inaccurately as 'nutritional immunity' [7,39,51]. However, in terms of increased resistance to infection, the adaptive value of reducing even further the already vanishingly low concentration of free iron in normal human serum has been seriously questioned [17]. Some extracellular pathogens may in fact have the capacity to use iron from intracellular iron stores [52], and so reduction in the intracellular labile pool observed during the hypoferraemic response might therefore be of greater significance.…”

Section: Changes In Intracellular Iron Status In Response To Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron uptake mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria

Wooldridge

Williams

1993

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

390

245

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Most of the iron in a mammalian body is complexed with various proteins. Moreover, in response to infection, iron availability is reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments. Bacteria need iron for growth and successful bacterial pathogens have therefore evolved to compete successfully for iron in the highly iron-stressed environment of the host's tissues and body fluids. Several strategies have been identified among pathogenic bacteria, including reduction of ferric to ferrous iron, occupation of intracellular niches, utilisation of host iron compounds, and production of siderophores. While direct evidence that high affinity mechanisms for iron acquisition function as bacterial virulence determinants has been provided in only a small number of cases, it is likely that many if not all such systems play a central role in the pathogenesis of infection.

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Iron and Immunity

Cited by 20 publications

References 61 publications

Identifying Molecular Targets of Lifestyle Modifications in Colon Cancer Prevention

Identifying Molecular Targets of Lifestyle Modifications in Colon Cancer Prevention

Is Low Copper Status Immunosuppressive?

Iron uptake mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria

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