From the 1880s to the 1920s, illuminated addresses were at the height of their popularity in Ireland, marking special occasions or outstanding service. They had civic, political, familial-and sometimes sporting-contexts. They did indeed, as McNamara writes, frequently, though by no means exclusively, have nationalist overtones, whether in terms of Home Rule or, indeed, advanced nationalist allegiance. The Cork Examiner for 27 November 1900, for instance, records a meeting in Paris where an Irish deputation met Paul Kruger, President of the Transvaal, then at war with the British. Major John McBride, leader of the Irish Transvaal Brigade and later, of course, a leading light of the Easter Rising of 1916, introduced the delegates to President Kruger, who received the Irish Deputation. 'Miss Maud Gonne presented addresses from Irish Nationalist Societies. Mr John O'Leary then presented an illuminated address in Irish, French and Dutch'anything but English-'expressing the sentiments that the Transvaal's enemies were Ireland's'. 4 Created to serve as a material and visual indicator and memento of a presentation ceremony, political or otherwise, an illuminated address was often the literal manifestation of a commemorative speech or formal greeting, sometimes beautifully written and illustrated by hand, sometimes printed in elegantly illustrated display copy. Often these memorabilia were given alongside a lucrative financial offering, a 'pocketbook full of bank notes', a 'substantial cheque', or a 'purse of sovereigns' 5 and they frequently included long lists of subscribers and donors keen to have their names associated with the recipient. Intended for public presentation, at their simplest