Iridium coated rhenium rocket chambers produced by electroforming

Toenshoff, D. A.; Lanam, R. D.; Ragaini, J.; Shchetkovskiy, Anatoliy; Смирнов, А К

doi:10.2514/6.2000-3166

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Considering the 1.5 to 10 eV bombardment energy and the high likelihood of oxidation at those temperatures, the good performance of Iridium is likely attributed to the high conductivity of its oxide form (Chalamala et al, ). In addition, Iridium's extremely high hardness makes it more suitable and robust than both DAG and Gold for Langmuir probes used in space environments where impacts on the probe are likely from dust (Toenshoff et al, ; Zhu et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to DAG, Gold, and TiN, Iridium shows promise as new Langmuir probe coating candidate because (1) it is difficult to oxidize (Chalamala et al, ), (2) the oxidized forms remain highly conductive (Chalamala et al, ), and (3) it has high corrosion resistance and high hardness (Toenshoff et al, ; Zhu et al, ). Additionally, Rhenium was also tested due to its similar properties to Iridium and having been flown as a Langmuir probe on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (Brace et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to DAG, Gold, and TiN, Iridium shows promise as new Langmuir probe coating candidate because (1) it is difficult to oxidize (Chalamala et al, 1999), (2) the oxidized forms remain highly conductive (Chalamala et al, 1999), and (3) it has high corrosion resistance and high hardness (Toenshoff et al, 2000;Zhu et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Coatings for Langmuir Probes in an Oxygen‐Rich Space Environment

et al. 2018

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Use of Langmuir probes in the atmospheres of planets is complicated by oxidation of the probe surface when high‐density oxygen atoms/molecules and/or ions are present. Oxidation of most materials creates an electrically resistive layer on the probe surface that reduces the current collected at a given bias voltage, changing the probe's current‐voltage (I‐V) curves and consequently the measured plasma parameters. TiN (Titanium Nitride), DAG (a graphite coating), or Gold are currently used Langmuir probe coatings, yet they all have issues when exposed to oxygen‐rich environments. Iridium and Rhenium are selected as new coating candidates because of the high conductivity of their oxidized forms and high hardness. Here we present the oxidation effect on the measurements of probes made of current coating materials (DAG, Gold, and TiN) and new coating materials (Iridium and Rhenium) against controls (Copper and Nickel) in the laboratory. The oxidation process is performed by bombarding oxygen ions on the probe surface with energies of 1.5–10 eV. The probe's I‐V curves taken in an argon plasma are compared before and after oxidation. Our results show that the TiN, Gold, and DAG probes show significant to small changes in their I‐V curves, while Iridium outperforms all the other testing materials with almost unchanged I‐V curves after the oxidation process. Additionally, this new coating can be applied for other plasma instruments in which surface oxidation may pose an issue. However, for the application of Iridium to electric field probes, future work must be carried out to determine photoemission characteristics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Coatings for Langmuir Probes in an Oxygen‐Rich Space Environment

et al. 2018

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“…Thus, it is reported that rhenium samples with approximately 100 µm thick iridium coatings withstand tests in an air atmosphere at 2273 K for 3 h and maintain good adhesive properties of the coatings [2]. The combination of these properties makes the Ir-Re composite material very promising for use in products and devices operating under extremely harsh conditions at high temperatures (up to 2400 K) and chemically active atmospheres, in particular, for manufacturing low-thrust engines using high-energy fuel [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Potential-Induced Transformation in the Double Electrical Layer on the Rhenium Electrode in Alkali Chloride Melts

Kirillova

Степанов

2021

Materials

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Structural transformations in the adsorption layer caused by an electric potential are investigated using the experimental data on the capacitance of a double electric layer for a rhenium electrode in molten sodium, potassium and cesium chlorides at 1093 K. Likening the double electric layer to a flat capacitor, as well as the effective length of the shielding of the electrode charge and changes in the charge sign depending on the applied potential are estimated. It is found that near the minimum potential of the capacitance curve, the shielding length decreases proportionally to the square of the potential due to the deformation of the double layer. The deformation reaches critical values at the potentials of −0.65, −0.38 and −0.40 V for the Re|NaCl, Re|KCl and Re|CsCl systems respectively, and decreases sharply at more positive potentials. The analysis of the dependence of the charge density on the electrode revealed the effect of shielding of potential-induced rhenium cations by salt phase anions. The strong Raman-active Re–Cl stretching mode was observed at 292 cm−2. This can be explained by the transfer of anions across the interface resulting in the formation of ordered layers of ion associations (possibly, ReXn(n − 1)−) on a positively charged surface.

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“…Among these methods, ED is considered as one of the most efficient and high-quality methods for fabricating uniform, dense and thick Ir coating on complex-shaped components [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth mechanism and mechanical property of laminar iridium coating by electrodeposition

Huang

Bai

Zhang

et al. 2015

International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials

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Iridium coated rhenium rocket chambers produced by electroforming

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

Investigation of Coatings for Langmuir Probes in an Oxygen‐Rich Space Environment

Investigation of Coatings for Langmuir Probes in an Oxygen‐Rich Space Environment

A Potential-Induced Transformation in the Double Electrical Layer on the Rhenium Electrode in Alkali Chloride Melts

Growth mechanism and mechanical property of laminar iridium coating by electrodeposition

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