IR, density and DTA studies the effect of replacing Pb3O4 by CuO in pseudo-binary Li2B4O7–Pb3O4 glass system

Effect of copper oxide on structure and physical properties of lithium lead borate glasses

“…In the thermal studies using DTA, the appearance of single peak due to the glass transition temperature of all glass samples indicates the high homogeneity of the glass prepared [5,7]. Figure 3 indicates the relation between the glass transition temperature and the Cu content.…”

“…Increasing the iconicity of oxygen ions by converting them from BO to NBO ions decreases the band gap energy E opt . The concentration of NBOs in the glass matrix is higher [5]. This leads to increase in the degree of localization of electrons, thereby increasing the donor centers in the glass matrix.…”

“…Substitution of Pb (having high molecular weight) with Cu (having low molecular weight) decreases the density. Density is directly proportional to the molecular weight, and the increase in Cu content decreases the formation of tetrahedral groups (BO 4 ), and increasing the triangle groups (BO 3 ) led to the increase in borate nonbridging oxygen (NBO) [5], increasing volume which is inversely proportional to the density.…”

“…ions that take modifying positions in the glass network. This caused the higher content of NBOs in the glass matrix [5]. This leads to increase in the degree of localization of electrons, thereby increasing the donor centers in the glass matrix.…”

The effect of the natural raw barite and the dolomite material on borate glass formation

“…Increasing the iconicity of oxygen ions by converting them from BO to NBO ions decreases the band gap energy E opt . The concentration of NBOs in the the glass matrix is higher [57,58]. This caused an increase in the degree of localization of electrons, thereby increasing the donor centers in the glass matrix and decreases of the optical band gap.…”