Ipsilateral Facial Representation in Motor Cortex of Macaque

Cortical Orofacial Motor Representation in Old World Monkeys, Great Apes, and Humans

“…The right hemisphere was selected because production of many facial expressions has been shown to be right hemisphere dominant across catarrhines [Campbell, 1982;Hauser, 1993;Borod et al, 1997;Hauser and Akre, 2001;Ferná ndez-Carriba et al, 2002], whereas speech, a highly specialized motor function, is localized to the left hemisphere in most humans [Kimura, 1993]. Published data from electrophysiological and functional imaging investigations in macaques [Lauer, 1952;Kwan et al, 1978;McGuinness et al, 1980;Humphrey, 1986;Huang et al, 1989], [Craggs et al, 1976;Samulack et al, 1990;Waters et al, 1990], orang-utans [Leyton and Sherrington, 1917], gorillas [Leyton and Sherrington, 1917], chimpanzees [Grünbaum and Sherrington, 1903-04;Leyton and Sherrington, 1917;Hines, 1940;Dusser de Barenne et al, 1941;Bailey et al, 1950], and humans [Penfield and Boldrey, 1937;Penfield and Rasmussen, 1950;Lotze et al, 2000;Fox et al, 2001;Salmelin and Sams, 2002] were used to determine the approximate location of orofacial representation. Based on these studies, samples were dissected from a region located approximately 0.5 cm inferior to the level of the genu of the arcuate sulcus in Old World monkeys and from a location roughly 1 cm inferior to the 'middle genu' [Yousry et al, 1997] of the central sulcus in great apes and humans ( fig.…”

Organization of corticofugal neurones in somatosensory area II of the cat

“…Furthermore, there is electrophysiological evidence (reviewed by Wiesendanger, 1969) that corticofugal neurones from somatosensory areas control transmission in ascending pathways. On the other hand, some early stimulation experiments on the cat (Garol, 1942) and monkey (Sugar, Chusid & French, 1948;Lauer, 1952) suggest that SIL is concerned with motor control. In fact, Welker, Benjamin, Miles & Woolsey (1956), using surface stimulation of the cortex in squirrel monkeys, were able to elaborate a somatotopically organized motor representation in SIL.…”

Ipsilateral hemiparesis after putaminal hemorrhage due to uncrossed pyramidal tract

“…[7][8][9] In humans, Penfield and Boldrey conducted a classic study of somatotopic innervation of the motor function by the primary motor cortex and concluded that motor movements were predominantly innervated by the contralateral motor cortex. In animals, ipsilateral innervation by the primary motor and premotor cortex has been reported.…”