IPED in Recreational Sports

Iff, Samuel; Butzke, Ingo; Zitzmann, Michael; Schneiter, Roger; Hunziker, Manuela; Quednow, Boris B.; Claussen, Malte Christian

doi:10.1024/1661-8157/a003873

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Mental health and sport‐specific mental disorders in recreational sports are the most recent field of activity of sports psychiatry 7 . The use of so‐called image and performance enhancing drugs (IPED), 22 which include anabolic androgenic steroids, addictive sport and exercise behavior (which some call compulsive exercise), 23 as well as body image and eating disorders such as muscle dysmorphia and, 24 in certain aspects, classic eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, require sports psychiatric expertise in prevention and treatment of sport and exercise in these disorders.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First international consensus statement on sports psychiatry

Claussen,

Currie,

Koh Boon Yau

et al. 2024

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Sports psychiatry is a young field of medicine and psychiatry that focuses on mental health among athletes, and sports and exercise within psychiatry and mental disorders. However, the development of sports psychiatry and its fields of activity vary from region to region and are not uniform yet. Sports psychiatry and the role of sports psychiatrists have also already been discussed in the field of sports and exercise medicine, and within medical teams in competitive and elite sports. A uniform definition on sports psychiatry, its fields of activity, sports psychiatrist, and the essential knowledge, skills, and abilities (plus attitudes, eKSA+A) of the sports psychiatrist were developed as part of an International Society for Sports Psychiatry (ISSP) Summit, as well as First International Consensus Statement on Sports Psychiatry. Three fields of activity can be distinguished within sports psychiatry: (i) mental health and disorders in competitive and elite sports, (ii) sports and exercise in prevention of and treatment for mental disorders, and (iii) mental health and sport‐specific mental disorders in recreational sports. Each of these fields have its own eKSA+A. The definitions on sports psychiatry and sports psychiatrists, as well as the framework of eKSA+A in the different fields of activity of sports psychiatrists will help to unify and standardize the future development of sports psychiatry, establish a standard of service within sports psychiatry and together with the neighboring disciplines, and should be included into current, and future sports psychiatry education and training.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First international consensus statement on sports psychiatry

Claussen,

Currie,

Koh Boon Yau

et al. 2024

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…For IPED users who develop side effects and dependency, there are some guidelines in the literature on treatment recommendations [10,16,47,59]. A few so-called "steroid clinics", specialised clinics for IPED users, have already been successfully implemented and established in the recent past in a few countries [60].…”

Section: Medical Therapy / Repressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of use and users of image- and performance-enhancing drugs in sports in Switzerland: a scoping literature review and implications for Swiss drug policy

Kruijver,

Bruggmann,

Magnolini

2023

Swiss Med Wkly

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BACKGROUND: “Image- and performance-enhancing drugs” are widely used in sports worldwide to improve body image and performance goals. In view of the growing research interest and use of these substances, and the paucity of data on the situation in Switzerland, we conducted a scoping literature review on evidence of the use and users of these substances in Switzerland. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement. We searched PubMed/Medline, Embase and Google Scholar for articles published before August 2022. Primary outcomes were evidence of the use and users of image- and performance enhancing drugs in Switzerland. We used a narrative synthesis approach for data analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 18 studies were reviewed, which in total comprised 11,401 survey participants, 140 interviews and 1368 toxicologically analysed substances. Articles were mostly peer-reviewed (83%) and mostly included evidence from professional athletes (43%). The mean publication year was 2011. In most articles both outcomes (78%) were evaluated simultaneously. We demonstrate that image- and performance-enhancing drugs appear to be prevalent among athletes and non-athletes in Switzerland. A wide variety of substances exist, and the type of substances used varied by age, motivation, sex and sports discipline. The main motivations for using these substances were, among others, image- and performance enhancement. The main route of acquisition of these substances was the Internet. Furthermore, we demonstrated that substantial proportions of these substances, as well as supplements, may be counterfeit. Information on image- and performance-enhancing drug use was acquired from different sources. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence of image- and performance-enhancing drug use and its users in Switzerland is scarce and there are major gaps, we demonstrate that these substances are also prevalent among athletes and non-athletes in Switzerland. Furthermore, high proportions of substances acquired from unregulated drug markets are counterfeit, which puts users in a situation of unpredictable risk when consuming them. Overall, the use of these substances may pose a substantial risk to individual and public health in this possibly growing and often insufficiently informed and medically neglected user community in Switzerland. There is a great need for future research, as well as prevention, harm-reduction and treatment programmes for this hard-to-reach user community. Doping policies in Switzerland should be critically reviewed as simple medical care and evidence-based treatment for non-athlete image- and performance-enhancing drug users is excessively criminalized under the current legislature, leaving possibly over 200,000 image- and performance-enhancing drug users in Switzerland with inadequate medical care.

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