Iophenoxic acid as a serum marker for red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus)

Sweetapple, Peter J.; Nugent, Graham

doi:10.1071/wr97090

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…), cat Felis catus (Eason et al. ), ferret Mustela furo (Ogilvie & Eason ), goat Capra hircus (Eason & Batcheler , Eason & Frampton ), red deer Cervus elaphus scoticus (Sweetapple & Nugent ), white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (White et al. ), wild boar Sus scrofa (Cowled et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iophenoxic acid as a bait marker for wild mammals: efficacy and safety considerations

et al. 2012

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Bait delivery of vaccines, toxicants or contraceptives to target wild mammals is an essential component of management strategies worldwide. Marking agents are required to enable the identification of individuals that consume the baits in order to evaluate and optimize the cost‐efficacy of baiting campaigns. Ethyl‐iophenoxic acid (Et‐IPA) is an organic iodine‐containing compound that has been used increasingly since the 1980s as a bait marker. It binds to proteins in animal blood and therefore can be detected indirectly by measuring plasma or serum iodine concentration or directly by measuring plasma or serum Et‐IPA concentration with liquid chromatography. Methyl‐iophenoxic acid and propyl‐iophenoxic acid can also be used to provide quantitative information on temporal or spatial patterns of bait consumption in a range of mammalian species. We review the suitability of Et‐IPA and its analogues as bait markers in mammals. The highly variable persistence of analogues and in species highlights the need for calibration testing of each compound as a marker for each species and for each proposed use before starting a bait delivery trial. After absorption, the fate of IPAs (by metabolism, distribution and excretion) is variable, but most are bound to plasma proteins. Marking efficacy is therefore high. The implications of exposure to IPAs for predators and humans were analyzed to evaluate its safety for delivery to wild mammals. Although it is highly unlikely that secondary exposure through ingestion could involve sufficiently large quantities to produce adverse effects, further studies are necessary to assess long‐term effects after chronic exposure to these compounds. IPAs can mark animal serum for long periods of time, and improvements in detection methods for them are currently being developed, so that they are a good choice for oral baiting field experiments with mammals.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iophenoxic acid as a bait marker for wild mammals: efficacy and safety considerations

et al. 2012

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“…In the past, IA has been successfully used as a marker in bait acceptance studies in a variety of animal species including carnivores [6][7][8][9][10][11], herbivores [12][13][14][15][16] and omnivores [17] and has been used to determine the feasibility of delivering oral vaccine to wild swine [17] and raccoons [9,24]. Field experiments in which feral pigs (S. scrofa), raccoons (P. lotor), and opossums (D. virginiana) were exposed to IA following ingestion of IA-marked baits were used to confirm the appropriateness of (−)ESI/LC-MS identification in these studies.…”

Section: Field Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). These studies have been conducted in a variety of animal species including carnivores, such as raccoons, foxes, dogs, coyotes and cats [6][7][8][9][10][11], herbivores, such as goats, rabbits and deer [12][13][14][15][16] and omnivores, such as pigs [17]. The compound is effective because it exhibits low toxicity while strongly binding to albumin over an extended length of time [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The compound is effective because it exhibits low toxicity while strongly binding to albumin over an extended length of time [18,19]. In addition, while the extent of binding is both dose-and speciesdependent [11], IA may be used to determine the amount of bait consumed [10,12,16]. However, the compound persists for only short durations in marsupials, including opossums [11] or swamp wallabies [20], and birds [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum

Wiles

Campbell

2006

Journal of Chromatography B

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Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum" (2006 AbstractA liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric technique was developed for direct quantitation of iophenoxic acid (IA) in serum. IA was spiked into canine, feline, bovine, equine, and porcine sera, extracted, and quantified using negative ion monitoring following chromatographic separation on a Luna C18(2) 3 m (100 mm × 2.1 mm) reversed-phase column. The limit of detection was 25 ng/mL and the limit of quantification was 50 ng/mL. Inter-and intra-assay accuracy (86-113% and 87-115%, respectively) and precision (1.8-7.7%) were calculated. Analysis of serum collected from feral pigs, raccoons, and opossums following ingestion of IA-marked baits confirmed the appropriateness of this method for bait acceptance studies.

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“…To do so requires 47 establishing the diet content of these predators. 48 Unbiased and sensitive assessment of diet content is extremely difficult to achieve due 49 to the limited accuracy of available methods. Identification of prey items using visual 50 examination of stomach contents is strongly affected by which items are most easily 51 degraded (for example, soft-bodied species).…”

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confidence: 99%

New tools for diet analysis: nanopore sequencing of metagenomic DNA from rat stomach contents to quantify diet

Pearman

Smith

Breckell

et al. 2018

Preprint

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14Introduced species of mammals in New Zealand have had catastrophic effects on 15 populations of diverse native species. Quantifying the diets of these omnivorous and 16 predatory species is critical for understanding which native species are most impacted, 17 and to prioritize which mammal species and locations should be targeted with control 2009). These metabarcoding methods require a PCR step using primers that bind to 24 highly conserved genomic regions (e.g. mitochondrial COI) to amplify specific regions 25 for sequencing. This step introduces significant bias, primarily due to the lack of a 26 universal primer set (King et al. 2008). Here we show that direct metagenomic 27 sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore Minion allows rapid quantification of rat diets. 28Using a sample of rats collected from within 100km of Auckland, NZ, we show that 29 these rats consume a wide variety of plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, and fungal taxa, 30 with substantial differences in diet content between locales. We then show that, based 31 on diet content alone, it is possible to pinpoint the sampling location of an individual rat 32 within tens of kilometres. We expect that the rapidly increasing accuracy and 33 throughput of nanopore-based sequencing, as well as increases in the species 34 diversity of genomic databases, will soon allow rapid and unbiased assessments of 35 animal diets in field settings.

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Iophenoxic acid as a serum marker for red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus)

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Iophenoxic acid as a bait marker for wild mammals: efficacy and safety considerations

Iophenoxic acid as a bait marker for wild mammals: efficacy and safety considerations

Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum

New tools for diet analysis: nanopore sequencing of metagenomic DNA from rat stomach contents to quantify diet

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