Ionospheric electron-content measurements during the second space-plasma negative-ion experiment (SPINEX-2)

Fulford, J. A.; MacDougall, J. W.; Forsyth, P. A.; Mendillo, M.; Bernhardt, P. A.

doi:10.1139/p87-050

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The first SF 6 releases were done as part of Project Firefly in the 1960s . Since then, SF 6 has been released as part of the Ionospheric Modification Studies (IMS) campaign in 1983, , the Space Plasma Negative Ion Experiments (SPINEX-1 and -2) in 1984 and 1986, , the CRRES-at-Kwajalein campaign in 1990, ,− in three rockets launched from the Russian research vessel Professor Vize in 1988, , and in trace amounts from a rocket carrying a negative ion mass spectrometer for mass calibration . SF 6 was also used in an experiment to measure the very low free electron concentrations in the lower ionosphere.…”

Section: Active Chemical Release Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient and Modified Atmospheric Ion Chemistry: From Top to Bottom

2015

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CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4542 1.1. Historical Overview and Goals 4542 1.2. Background Basics of the Atmosphere 4543 2. The Exosphere 4545 3. Thermosphere 4546 3.1. Composition and Positive Ion Chemistry 4546 3.2. Ion−Molecule Reactions 4547 3.2.1. O 2 + Reactions 4547 3.2.2. O + Reactions 4548 3.2.3. N + Reactions 4550 3.2.4. N 2 + Reactions 4550 3.3. Airglow and Dissociative Recombination 4551 4. Mesosphere 4552 4.1. Positive Ion Composition and Chemistry 4552 4.2. Negative Ion Composition and Chemistry 4554 4.3. Mutual Neutralization 4555 4.4. Meteoric Smoke 4555 5. Stratosphere and Troposphere 4556 5.1. Acid−Base Chemistry 4556 5.2. Ion-Induced (Mediated) Nucleation 4558 6. Active Chemical Release Experiments 4559 6.1. Background and Historical Perspective 4559 6.2. Atmospheric Tracer Experiments 4559 6.3. Plasma Enhancement Releases − Samarium Chemi-ionization 4560 6.4. Plasma Depletion Experiments − Ionospheric Holes 4561 6.5. Plasma Depletion Experiments − Electron Holes 4562 7. Summary and Conclusions 4564 Author Information 4565 Corresponding Author 4565 Notes 4565 Biographies 4565 Acknowledgments 4566 References 4566

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Section: Active Chemical Release Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient and Modified Atmospheric Ion Chemistry: From Top to Bottom

2015

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“…Greater than an order of magnitude reduction in density was maintained until the instrument section flew out of the ionospheric hole 20 s after the release. During the SPINEX SF 6 releases, similar effects were detected with signals from a rocket-borne radio beacon [Fulford et al, 1987] and with incoherent backscatter from the Millstone Hill radar [Mendillo, 1988].…”

Section: Simulations Of Parallel Motionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Field‐aligned dynamics of chemically induced perturbations to the ionosphere

Bernhardt¹,

Rodriguez²,

Siefring³

et al. 1991

J. Geophys. Res.

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Ionospheric modification using photochemically reactive vapors is studied with a one-dimensional, multi-ion, fluid model of plasma flow along magnetic field lines. The magnitudes of ion and electron density changes are determined by considering both chemical processes (i.e., photoionization, ion-molecule reactions, dissociative recombination, electron attachment) and transport processes (i.e., multispecies diffusion, electric currents, ambipolar electric fields). The numerical treatment in the model is not specific to any type of release or any interaction chemistry. It has been used to simulate releases of Ba, CO2, and CF3Br in the ionosphere, but generalization to other species may be easily accomplished. The results of the calculations are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations. The feasibility of modifying the parallel current paths in the auroral F region is examined. INTRODUCTION Simulation of ionospheric modification by chemical releases is complicated by (1) the gas dynamics of the neutral release, (2) the creation of new species by chemical reactions between the released species and the background atmosphere, and (3) the electrodynamics of the modified plasma. Each of these areas has been examined with numerical and analytical models. An overview of the neutral gas dynamics of chemical releases has been given by Bernhardt et al. [1988a]. Kinetic theory has been used to represent the neutral flow of the released gas in the rarefied background atmosphere [Bernhardt, 1979a; Thompson, 1989]. Fluid representations of the injected gas interactions have been described by Schunk [1978], Bernhardt [1982], Yau [1984], and Bernhardt et al. [1988a]. Thermodynamic representations of condensation in the gas expansions have been described by Bernhardt [1982, 1987]. In this paper a simple diffusion model is used to describe the neutral gas expansion. The chemistry of neutral releases in the ionosphere is complex, requiring many reactions involving multiple ion species. Bernhardt [1987] has compared sets of two-body reactions for six ionospheric depletion chemicals. For chemical releases that yield positive-ion-intermediary (PII) species, tens of reactions and product species are required to describe the chemistry [Sjolander and Szuczewicz, 1979; Johnson et al., 1980; Yau et al., 1985; Zinn et al., 1982; Bernhardt et al., 1988b]. As an example of a release that produce negative-ion-intermediary (NII) species, an SF 6 gas cloud injected into an O +, e-plasma requires 14 reactions and nine species [Mendillo and Forbes, 1982; Bernhardt, 1984; Bernhardt et al., 1986]. The importance of three-body reactions during the early phase of ionospheric modification is discussed by Yau et al. [1985]. Here, the computational This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. Published in 1991 by the American Geophysical Union. Paper number 91JA01424. examples are limited to two-body reactions between three plasma species, but extension to larger numbers of reactions and species is easily accomplished with our formulatio...

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“…Further details on ionospheric layer profiling using rocket beacon signals are described by Jackson (1954), Friedman (1959), Maeda (1970), Evans (1977), Smith and Gilchrist (1974), and . The use of radio beacons to study ionospheric modification with chemical releases is described by Fulford et al (1987) and . In these papers, electron density profiles were derived when the rocket passed through the plasma layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio tomographic imaging of sporadic-<i>E</i> layers during SEEK-2

et al. 2005

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Abstract. During the SEEK-2 Rocket Campaign in August 2002, a Dual Band Beacon (DBB) transmitting to GroundReceivers provided unique data on E-Region electron densities. Information from two rocket beacons and four ground receivers yielded multiple samples of E-region horizontal and vertical variations. The radio beacon measurements were made at four sites (Uchinoura, Tarumizu, Tanegashima, Takazaki) in Japan for two rockets (S310-31 and S310-32) launched by the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science (ISAS). Analysis was completed for four sets of beacon data to provide electron density images of sporadic-E layers. Signals from the two-frequency beacons on the SEEK-2 rockets were processed to yield total electron content (TEC) data that was converted into electron density measurements. Wide variations in layer structures were detected. These included horizontal sporadic-E variations, vertical profiles of double, single, and weak layers. The radio beacon measurements were shown to be in agreement with the in-situ SEEK-2 sensors. The first tomographic image of a sporadic-E layer was produced from the data. The rocket beacon technique was shown to be an excellent tool to study sporadic-E layers because absolute TEC accuracy of 0.01 TEC Units can be easily obtained and, with proper receiver placement, electron density images can be produced using computerized ionospheric tomography with better than 1 km horizontal and vertical resolution.

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Ionospheric electron-content measurements during the second space-plasma negative-ion experiment (SPINEX-2)

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Ambient and Modified Atmospheric Ion Chemistry: From Top to Bottom

Ambient and Modified Atmospheric Ion Chemistry: From Top to Bottom

Field‐aligned dynamics of chemically induced perturbations to the ionosphere

Radio tomographic imaging of sporadic-<i>E</i> layers during SEEK-2

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Ionospheric electron-content measurements during the second space-plasma negative-ion experiment (SPINEX-2)

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Ambient and Modified Atmospheric Ion Chemistry: From Top to Bottom

Ambient and Modified Atmospheric Ion Chemistry: From Top to Bottom

Field‐aligned dynamics of chemically induced perturbations to the ionosphere

Radio tomographic imaging of sporadic-&lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt; layers during SEEK-2

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Radio tomographic imaging of sporadic-<i>E</i> layers during SEEK-2