Ionospheric disturbances produced by powerful explosives

Localization of the source of ionospheric disturbance generated during an earthquake

“…There are a few models explaining ionospheric disturbances: generation of infrasonic waves [Calais et al, 1998], generation of IGW [Francis, 1975], eddy motions of the neural atmospheric constituents excited after a passage of the acoustic pulse [Andreeva et al, 2001], generation of shock-acoustic waves (SAW) [Afraimovich et al, 2001a[Afraimovich et al, , 2001bNagorsky and Taraschuk, 1992], and so on. Various terms different by physical interpretation are used in the publications for the ionospheric response of the shock wave including the term shock-acoustic wave [Nagorsky, 1985;Nagorsky and Taraschuk, 1992]. For the sake of convenience in this paper we will use this term as well as the more general term "ionospheric disturbance" (ID).…”

“…[14] The absence of complete and reliable data on the SAW parameters is due mainly to the defects of the existing radiophysical methods and detection means. The main amount of the data has been obtained by measurements of the Doppler frequency shift at the vertical and oblique radiosounding of the ionosphere in the HF range [Afraimovich et al, 1984;Li et al, 1994;Nagorsky and Taraschuk, 1992]. The sensitivity of this method in some cases is sufficient for detecting SAW; however, difficulties arise with localization of the formation region of the detected signal, the latter fact being due to the multihop character of HF signal propagation.…”