“…We completed simulations for target sizes of (1) diameters equal to height of 0.8, 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.3 and 2.5 nm, (2) diameters of 1.0, 2.0, and 2.3 nm, and height/diameter ratio of 1.48. The source was a pencil beam of 1 H, 4 He, 7 Li, 11 B, 12 C, 14 N, 16 O, 28 Si to provide various radiation qualities and consistency with radiobiological data. Since Geant4-DNA can only simulate ionization caused by incident ions predominant in the cosmic spectrum, direct results for 20 Ne were not available, leading to interpolation using 12 C, 14 N, 16 O, and 28 S. The interpolation method was tested for 16 O using 12 C, 14 N, and 28 S, yielding very good agreement with the result of the direct simulation for 16 O.…”