Ionization by an Oscillating Field: Resonances and Photons

Abstract

A. We describe new exact results for a model of ionization of a bound state, induced by an oscillating potential. In particular we have obtained exact expressions, in the form of readily computable rapidly convergent sums, for the energy distribution of the emitted particles as a function of time, frequency and strength of the oscillating potential. Going beyond perturbation theory, these show resonances in the energy distribution which look like single or multi-photon absorption, similar to those observed in laser induced electron emission from solids or atoms. This is particularly so when the strength of the oscillating potential is small compared to the binding energy but is still visible for large elds, and even for time-periods of a few oscillations. We have also obtained the space-time structure of the wave function. Our model exhibits a form of stabilization; the ionization probability is not monotone in the strength of the oscillating potential.

Laser‐enabled delivery of antiretroviral drugs into HIV‐1 infected TZM‐bl cells

“…Syncytia occurs when Env expressed on an infected cell interacts with CD4 receptor of a neighbouring cell resulting in the binding of two membranes by triggering fusion peptide of trans‐membrane to fuse, thus forming multinucleated cells. Single cell lysis is characterised by irreversible cell swelling beyond the integrity of the cell membrane until lysis [30]. A similar observation seen in the VC was noted in the NC (infected cells exposed to ARVs for 30 minutes), PC (infected cells and immediately treated with ARV for 72 hours), and in EXP (infected cells photoporated in the presence of ARVs).…”

“…The VC (infected cells but not treated) displayed distinct changes in shape and some cells were dead and floating which indicated some level of cytopathic effects (CPE) as a result of viral infection. These findings are in correlation with the CPE of HIV where the virus kills the cells in cell culture and also in vivo causing depletion in cell population [30]. The exact mechanism by which this depletion arises is still uncertain; however, literature shows that it is a result of apoptosis due to chemical attacks or viral infection [30, 31].…”

“…These findings are in correlation with the CPE of HIV where the virus kills the cells in cell culture and also in vivo causing depletion in cell population [30]. The exact mechanism by which this depletion arises is still uncertain; however, literature shows that it is a result of apoptosis due to chemical attacks or viral infection [30, 31]. At in vitro level, HIV may result in two types of CPE namely syncytia and single cell lysis [30].…”

“…The exact mechanism by which this depletion arises is still uncertain; however, literature shows that it is a result of apoptosis due to chemical attacks or viral infection [30, 31]. At in vitro level, HIV may result in two types of CPE namely syncytia and single cell lysis [30]. Syncytia occurs when Env expressed on an infected cell interacts with CD4 receptor of a neighbouring cell resulting in the binding of two membranes by triggering fusion peptide of trans‐membrane to fuse, thus forming multinucleated cells.…”

Nonperturbative Time Dependent Solution of a Simple Ionization Model

“…The latter, which was not done before, is where the "photonic" picture shows up most clearly. We will investigate this connection more explicitly in a separate article [7].…”