Ionic shortcut currents via manifolds in reverse electrodialysis stacks

Culcasi, Andrea; Gurreri, Luigi; Zaffora, Andrea; Cosenza, Alessandro; Tamburini, Alessandro; Cipollina, Andrea; Micale, G.

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114450

Cited by 46 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Moreover, limiting the curves at 29 A m −2 , the GPD that can be delivered by a five-triplet module is even higher than that delivered by a 38-triplet module (6.5 ± 0.2 W m −2 and 4.5 ± 0.1 W m −2 , respectively). At (extrapolated) higher current densities, Figure 3b, a smaller difference can be observed under maximum GPD conditions, suggesting that the effects of the number of triplets depend on the applied current and, in particular, decrease as the current increases [61]. Anyway, the 38-triplet stack would cover a much larger range of current density, exhibiting the extrapolated maximum GPD at 150 A m −2 against the~100 A m −2 of the five-triplet stack, likely due a lower apparent resistance of the triplet associated to parasitic currents and/or to be the smaller relative effect of the blank resistance.…”

Section: Effect Of Acid and Base Concentration And Of Number Of Tripletsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis

et al. 2020

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Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis (BMRED) can be used to produce electricity exploiting acid-base neutralization, thus representing a valuable route in reusing waste streams. The present work investigates the performance of a lab-scale BMRED module under several operating conditions. By feeding the stack with 1 M HCl and NaOH streams, a maximum power density of ~17 W m−2 was obtained at 100 A m−2 with a 10-triplet stack with a flow velocity of 1 cm s−1, while an energy density of ~10 kWh m−3 acid could be extracted by a complete neutralization. Parasitic currents along feed and drain manifolds significantly affected the performance of the stack when equipped with a higher number of triplets. The apparent permselectivity at 1 M acid and base decreased from 93% with the five-triplet stack to 54% with the 38-triplet stack, which exhibited lower values (~35% less) of power density. An important role may be played also by the presence of NaCl in the acidic and alkaline solutions. With a low number of triplets, the added salt had almost negligible effects. However, with a higher number of triplets it led to a reduction of 23.4–45.7% in power density. The risk of membrane delamination is another aspect that can limit the process performance. However, overall, the present results highlight the high potential of BMRED systems as a productive way of neutralizing waste solutions for energy harvesting.

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Section: Effect Of Acid and Base Concentration And Of Number Of Tripletsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis

et al. 2020

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“…The performance of ED processes is governed by membrane selectivity and transport properties, non-Ohmic voltage drop given by the membrane potential ("back" electromotive force in most cases, electromotive force in RED), Ohmic voltage drop, and pumping power consumption. The voltage drop over the stack can be computed as [16,145,146]:…”

Section: Performance Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total η for ion mixtures is the sum over all anions or cations. The current efficiency is less than 100% because of unwanted salt and water transport phenomena, water splitting, and current leakage (parasitic or shunt currents through manifolds [146]) [8]. Further performance parameters such as removal efficiency, concentration factor and water recovery, result from easy calculations.…”

Section: Performance Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The performance of ED processes is governed by membrane selectivity and transport properties, non-Ohmic voltage drop given by the membrane potential (“back” electromotive force in most cases, electromotive force in RED), Ohmic voltage drop, and pumping power consumption. The voltage drop over the stack can be computed as [ 16 , 145 , 146 ]:

where

is the voltage drop over a single repeating unit (e.g., cell pair or triplet), N ru is the number of repeating units, I is the electric current, r el is the resistance of the electrode compartments (negligible in stacks with many repetitive units),

and

are the Ohmic resistance and non-Ohmic voltage drop in the repeating unit, respectively, the sign “+” applies for ED methods using an electric current provided by an external power supply, i.e., all ED methods except for RED, where the sign “−” applies. The Ohmic resistance encompasses the contributions from all compartments and IEMs (counting also spacer shadow effects [ 71 , 147 ]).…”

Section: Electrodialysis Process Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrodialysis Applications in Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Protection and Resources Recovery: A Systematic Review on Progress and Perspectives

et al. 2020

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This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.

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“…Xia et al investigated the ABFB on both single-cell [ 30 ] and stack (5–20 cell units) level [ 31 ], and concluded that the single cell performance can be extrapolated to the stack performance. However, additional energy losses by parasitic currents (also known as shortcut currents [ 32 ], shunt currents [ 31 , 33 ], or leakage currents [ 34 ]) through the manifolds need to be taken into account in the stack [ 31 ]. This aspect was highlighted by Culcasi et al, who modeled ABFB systems predicting a loss in round-trip efficiency in the range of 25–35% due to parasitic currents [ 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acid–Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes

Pärnamäe¹,

Gurreri

Post³

et al. 2020

Membranes

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The increasing share of renewables in electric grids nowadays causes a growing daily and seasonal mismatch between electricity generation and demand. In this regard, novel energy storage systems need to be developed, to allow large-scale storage of the excess electricity during low-demand time, and its distribution during peak demand time. Acid–base flow battery (ABFB) is a novel and environmentally friendly technology based on the reversible water dissociation by bipolar membranes, and it stores electricity in the form of chemical energy in acid and base solutions. The technology has already been demonstrated at the laboratory scale, and the experimental testing of the first 1 kW pilot plant is currently ongoing. This work aims to describe the current development and the perspectives of the ABFB technology. In particular, we discuss the main technical challenges related to the development of battery components (membranes, electrolyte solutions, and stack design), as well as simulated scenarios, to demonstrate the technology at the kW–MW scale. Finally, we present an economic analysis for a first 100 kW commercial unit and suggest future directions for further technology scale-up and commercial deployment.

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Ionic shortcut currents via manifolds in reverse electrodialysis stacks

Cited by 46 publications

References 50 publications

Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis

Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis

Electrodialysis Applications in Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Protection and Resources Recovery: A Systematic Review on Progress and Perspectives

The Acid–Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes

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