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Chromaticity of Gromwell, Cape Jasmine Dyeing, and Effects of Zinc Oxide/Polyphenol Treatment with Copper Mordanting for UV Protection

“…Medium peaks of C-O functional groups can be seen at 1045 cm -1 in the yellow dyes and at 1022 cm -1 in the violet dyes. In common, each symmetric C-H stretching band from alkanes was also observed at 2924 cm -1 (GWR-Violet-dyes) and 2921.88 cm -1 (CJS-Yellow-dyes), respectively [34,37]. The C-H bending vibrations of GWR-Violet and CJS-Yellow dyes absorb at low wavenumbers of 779 to 739 cm -1 and 895 cm -1 .…”

“…[37,38]. In addition, carboxyl groups (C=O stretching) (1750 cm -1 to 1710 cm -1 ) were found in each dye spectrum [34,39]. The presence of oxygen proved that the quinonoid component of CJS-Yellow dye was not β-carotene, where oxygen is absent, but xanthophyll [39].…”

“…The yellow to orange color hue of Cape Jasmine seeds is derived from long conjugated double bonds of carotenoids that are categorized into carotenes and xanthophylls, with carbon, hydrogen in common, and oxygen existing in the only xanthophylls [33]. As a medicinal herb due to its antioxidants, antiinflammation, and detoxification, shikonin (C16H16O5), one of the naphthoquinone compounds, is imparted its violet and purple hues by its naphthalene group (absorption peak at approximately 490, 520, and 560 nm) [34][35][36].…”

Chromaticity of Gromwell, Cape jasmine Dyeing, and Effects of Zinc Oxide/Polyphenol Treatment with Copper Mordanting for UV Protection

“…[42,43]. In addition, carboxyl groups (C=O stretching) (1750 cm −1 to 1710 cm −1 ) were found in each dye spectrum [39,44]. Cape jasmine seeds consist of fatty acids, terpenoids, phenols, genipin, and crocin, which is a colorant belonging to carotenoids [45].…”

“…The yellow-to-orange color hue of Cape jasmine seeds is derived from long conjugated double bonds of carotenoids that are categorized into carotenes and xanthophylls, with carbon and hydrogen in common and oxygen existing only in the xanthophylls [38]. As a medicinal herb due to its antioxidants, antiinflammation, and detoxification, shikonin (C16H16O5), one of the naphthoquinone compounds, imparts its violet and purple hues via its naphthalene group (with an absorption peak at approximately 490, 520, and 560 nm) [39][40][41].…”