Ionic liquid forms of clopyralid with increased efficacy against weeds and reduced leaching from soils

Synthesis and Structure–Property Relationships in Herbicidal Ionic Liquids and their Double Salts

“…Scheme1.Synthesis of quaternary ammonium bromides;the alkyl substituent (R) varies from C 4 H 9 to C 16 Change of absorbance at ñ = 919 cm À1 overt ime for the reaction conducted at 80 8C, visualized in FTIR spectra(A) and changes in the relative absorbance at ñ = 919 cm À1 for reactions conducted at 60 and 80 8C(B).…”

“…This approache liminates also the necessity of using agricultural additives, such as adjuvants (often recommended for commercial crop protection agents), with ap otentially negative environmental impact owing to the less restrictive procedures of their registration as commercial products. Therefore, novel methods of HIL synthesis utilizingv arious herbicides including glyphosate, [10] MCPA, [11] 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid (MCPP), [9,12] 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid (MCPB), [13] 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (2,4-DP), [14] bentazone, [15] clopyralid, [16] fomesafen, [17] picloram [18] and sulfonylurea derivatives (e.g. metsulfuron-methyl) [19] have been proposed.Further advances in this field have resulted in the incorporation into HILs of nonconventional herbicidal anions of natural origin [20] or cations exhibitinga nother type of biological activity,s uch as plant growth inhibition.…”

Third-generation ionic liquids with N-alkylated 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane cations and pelargonate anions

“…The rst herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs), which incorporated MCPA and 2,4-D, were reported in 2011 and their high herbicidal activity as well as the ability to regulate the toxicity of the herbicide by selecting an appropriate cation was highlighted. 8 To date, HILs with the following herbicides in the anion structure have been described in the literature: 2,4-DP, 12 MCPB, 13 MCPP, 14 dicamba, 15 fomesafen, 16 clopyralid, 17 bentazone, 18 glyphosate, 19,20 metsulfuron methyl, 21 nicosulfuron, 9 nonanoic acid 22 and picloram. 23 The low volatility, which is characteristic for HILs, allows limiting the negative health effects during the application of the product.…”

Herbicidal Ionic Liquids Containing the Acetylcholine Cation

“…The compounds obtained from the combination of a quaternary ammonium cation with a herbicidal anion may exhibit significantly higher effectiveness against weeds than those currently applied. [19,20] Moreover, ionic liquids are characterized by very low vapour pressure and relatively low flammability, which minimize the risk of fire or explosion. [21,22] Introduction of the organic cation of natural origin into the structure of HIL may result in lowering the toxicity of the anion.…”