Ionic Liquid-Assisted DLLME and SPME for the Determination of Contaminants in Food Samples

Abstract

Developing effective and green methods for food analysis and separation has become an urgent issue regarding the ever-increasing concern of food quality and safety. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new chemical medium and soft functional material developed under the framework of green chemistry and possess many unique properties, such as low melting points, low-to-negligible vapor pressures, excellent solubility, structural designability and high thermal stability. Combining ILs with extraction techniques not only takes advantage of ILs but also overcomes the disadvantages of traditional extraction methods. This subject has attracted intensive research efforts recently. Here, we present a brief review of the current research status and latest developments regarding the application of IL-assisted microextraction, including dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in food analysis and separation. The practical applications of ILs in determining toxic and harmful substances in food specimens with quite different natures are summarized and discussed. The critical function of ILs and the advantages of IL-based microextraction techniques over conventional extraction techniques are discussed in detail. Additionally, the recovery of ILs using different approaches is also presented to comply with green analytical chemistry requirements.

Geminal Dicationic Ionic Liquids (GDILs) and Their Adsorption on Graphene Nanoflakes

“…Therefore, there is a need to develop a simple and low-cost method for preparing high-quality graphene without the need for common volatile and toxic organic solvents . Ionic liquids (ILs) as a new class of solvents with a low melting point, negligible vapor pressure, solvating power, high selectivity, inertness, ease of reuse, and good chemical and thermal stability have been used in liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite and improved the electronic structure of graphene surfaces. − …”

“… 14 Ionic liquids (ILs) as a new class of solvents with a low melting point, negligible vapor pressure, solvating power, high selectivity, inertness, ease of reuse, and good chemical and thermal stability have been used in liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite and improved the electronic structure of graphene surfaces. 15 − 17 …”

Composite Nanofibers as Novel Sorbents for On-Line and Off-Line Solid-Phase Extraction in Chromatographic System: A Comparison for Detection of Free Biogenic Monoamines and Their Metabolites in Plasma

“…Sample preparation is an important step towards isolating the desired compounds from complex matrices and eventually influences the reliability and accuracy of the whole analysis. After years of development of sample pretreatment techniques, there are many different pretreatment methods, such as liquid–liquid microextraction (LLME), dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Among them, DLLME and SPME have been identified as green sample pretreatment techniques and have greatly improved sample pretreatment quality and efficiency.…”