Ionic Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks for Ion‐Responsive Antimicrobial Membranes

Abstract

Functionalization of hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) for specific applications has been a long‐lasting challenge in HOF materials. Here, an efficient way to integrate functional species in the HOF structure through constructing an anionic framework is presented. The obtained HOFs, taking PFC‐33 (PFC = porous materials from FJIRSM,CAS) as an example, integrate a porphyrin photosensitizer as a porous backbone and a commercial biocide as counterions in the structure. The permanent channels and the electrostatic interaction between the framework and the counterions provide PFC‐33 ion‐responsive biocide‐release behavior in various physiological environments, thus exhibiting synergistic photodynamic and chemical antimicrobial efficiency. The unbonded carboxyl groups residing on the HOF surface further allow for manipulating the interfacial interaction between the PFC‐33 and the polymer matrix for membrane fabrication. Therefore, a polyHOF membrane with high stability, desired flexibility, and good permeability is obtained, which demonstrates noticeable bacterial inhibition toward Escherichia coli. This study may shed light on the functionalization of HOF materials for broad application potentials.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks: design, applications, and prospects

“…The first flexible freestanding membrane was prepared in 2020, denoted as polyHOF. 108 First, the oligomer AA-PEG-AA with two olefin groups was dissolved in isopropanol to form a transparent solution, and then HOF-olefin particles were added, followed by an ultrasonic treatment to obtain a uniformly dispersed suspension. Second, the BDK photoinitiator was added to the suspension and sonicated in the dark for treatment.…”

Cisplatin-Cross-Linked and Oxygen-Resupply Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanocarriers for Chemo-photodynamic Therapy

“…This result fully revealed that combination therapy was far superior to chemotherapy or PDT alone, which was similar to reports in the literature. 58,59 To further verify the above result, tumors were sectioned and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). As shown in Figure 8d, the groups of 4 and 5 could induce moderate levels of cell apoptosis, while the group of 6 produced extensive apoptotic staining in the tumor tissue.…”

NIR‐II Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks (HOFs) Used for Target‐Specific Amyloid‐β Photooxygenation in an Alzheimer's Disease Model

“…[56,[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] Moreover,H OF materials exhibit considerable biocompatibility and low toxicity attributed to their metal-free nature,t hus being an excellent candidate for drug delivery and biological applications.A lbeit with these appealing merits,e vidently,t he biological research of the emerging HOFs with new functionalities is still in its early stage when compared with metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent metal-organic frameworks (COFs). Although some functional light-responsive HOF materials have been developed for biological applications,s uch as cancer therapy [68] and antibacterial therapy, [72] they have not been carried to in vivo experiments yet. Theu ltraviolet-visible lights used in the above studies have shallow tissue penetration depth and high photon energy that will lead to photodamage,w hich limits the further development of HOFs for biological and medical applications.T herefore,t he combination of HOFs and NIR-II with deep tissue penetration and biosafety may greatly expand HOFs bioapplications and meet the demanding for in vivo efficient phototherapy.…”