Ion transport abnormalities in inflamed rat jejunum

Immunological Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Transport

“…At this time, functional events were paralleled by morphological and biochemical abnormalities, including extensive epithelial damage at the villus tips [7], decreased numbers of stained mast cells in the mucosa [3,4] and high serum levels of the specific protease, RMCP II, supporting ongoing mucosal mast cell activation. Similar increases in Isc [6] and RMCP II [8] as well as histological abnormalities [9] were demonstrated when intestinal tissue was challenged with worm antigen on day 35 after infection, when mast cell hyperplasia had developed, further supporting the view that mast cells are critical in ion transport changes in the inflamed intestine. Investigations in the T. spiralis model led to similar findings and also implicated histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins in the antigen-induced chloride secretion [10,11].…”

“…Studies with the N. brasiliensis parasite model in rats showed that by day 7 after infection, when active worm expulsion began, increased basal Isc and net secretion of Cl -and Na + were present [6]. At this time, functional events were paralleled by morphological and biochemical abnormalities, including extensive epithelial damage at the villus tips [7], decreased numbers of stained mast cells in the mucosa [3,4] and high serum levels of the specific protease, RMCP II, supporting ongoing mucosal mast cell activation.…”

Neuropathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders

“…In inflammatory states, close histoanatomical proximity of elevated numbers of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes to enteric nerve elements suggests that inflammatory mediators released by these cells might access and influence the ENS. Electrophysiological studies in enteric neurons confirm that inflammatory mediators released in paracrine fashion alter electrical and synaptic behavior of enteric neurons [122][123][124] .…”

“…Application of histamine, to mimic release from mast cells and neutrophils, excites neurons in the small and large intestinal myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the guinea-pig [154,155] . Unlike the intestine, enteric neurons in the guinea-pig stomach do not express histamine receptors and do not respond to experimental applications of histamine [124] . Histamine has three significant actions on neural elements in the guinea-pig intestine.…”

“…Insight into how chemical communication between the mucosal immune system and the ENS takes place is derived from electrophysiological recording in enteric neurons in intestinal preparations from animal models after sensitization to foreign antigens [122][123][124] . Signals from enteric immune/inflammatory cells activate a neural program for defensive intestinal behavior in response to circumstances within the lumen that are threatening to the functional integrity of the whole animal.…”