Ion storage and energy recovery of a flow-electrode capacitive deionization process

Jeon, Soon‐Ik; Yeo, Jeong-Gu; Yang, SeungCheol; Choi, Jiyeon; Kim, Dong Kook

doi:10.1039/c4ta00377b

Cited by 152 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Capacitive suspension electrodes are also strong candidates for low-energy, low-concentration ion removal in applications such as capacitive deionization (desalination) and capacitive mixing (energy generation) and benefit from fast ion adsorption processes. [24][25][26][27][28][29] Nevertheless, for success in energy storage applications, self-discharge and energy density issues need to be addressed. Previously, this energy density issue has been addressed by hybridizing the EFC with either redox-active organic molecules, 23 or pseudocapacitive metal-oxides, 21 e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flowable Conducting Particle Networks in Redox-Active Electrolytes for Grid Energy Storage

Hatzell

Boota

Kumbur

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This study reports a new hybrid approach toward achieving high volumetric energy and power densities in an electrochemical flow capacitor for grid energy storage. The electrochemical flow capacitor suffers from high self-discharge and low energy density because charge storage is limited to the available surface area (electric double layer charge storage). Here, we examine two carbon materials as conducting particles in a flow battery electrolyte containing the VO 2+ /VO 2 + redox couple. Highly porous activated carbon spheres (CSs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are investigated as conducting particle networks that facilitate both faradaic and electric double layer charge storage. Charge storage contributions (electric double layer and faradaic) are distinguished for flow-electrodes composed of MWCNTs and activated CSs. A MWCNT flow-electrode based in a redox-active electrolyte containing the VO 2+ /VO 2 + redox couple demonstrates 18% less self-discharge, 10 X more energy density, and 20 X greater power densities (at 20 mV s −1 ) than one based on a non-redox active electrolyte. Furthermore, a MWCNT redox-active flow electrode demonstrates 80% capacitance retention, and >95% coulombic efficiency over 100 cycles, indicating the feasibility of utilizing conducting networks with redox chemistries for grid energy storage. Grid energy storage is a critical component toward the integration of renewable energy technologies and ensuring reliable distribution of electricity.1,2 Numerous flow-assisted electrochemical systems (FAESs) based on different active materials are being pursued including redox flow batteries (RFB), 3-5 semi-solid flow batteries, 6,7 organic-redox flow batteries, [8][9][10] and the electrochemical flow capacitor (EFC).11,12 A flow-architecture provides for scalable and modular systems, decoupled power and energy densities, and a potentially low-cost means for storing energy at the grid level (Fig. 1a).All FAESs utilize active materials either dissolved in an electrolyte solution or suspended in an electrically conductive flow-electrode for scalable energy storage (Fig. 1). Redox-flow batteries and organicredox flow batteries both utilize soluble redox species as the active materials (Figs. 1c and 1d). In traditional RFBs, soluble metal ions (vanadium, cerium, iron, etc.) are used, while organic RFBs utilize soluble organic compounds (e.g. quinones) as active material. Metal ions have been widely studied in commercial RFBs and are the closest technology to be widely used. FAESSs based on organic compounds are new and promising for grid energy storage applications because they do not rely on precious metals, have tunable properties based on their chemical structure, 13,14 and have the potential to be low-cost, durable, environmentally friendly, and scalable. Both of these systems rely on chemical reactions based on heterogeneous charge transfer for charge storage. Vanadium compounds have been known to have sluggish kinetics when compared to quinone-based molecules, which undergo rapid t...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flowable Conducting Particle Networks in Redox-Active Electrolytes for Grid Energy Storage

Hatzell

Boota

Kumbur

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…1.11. Recent scientific developments are on electrode materials [11,33,51,[88][89][90][91][92][93], novel cell designs, ranging from desalination with wires [80] to flow electrodes [5,72,73], or on new operational modes or ion-selective removal [28,47,[94][95][96]. Also, studies are conducted to quantify resistances and energy losses in the CDI cell [4,97,98], or to identify parasitic reactions that may result in pH changes [8,[99][100][101].…”

Section: Recent Scientific and Commercial Interest In Capacitive Deiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A discharge step is not necessary; the carbon slurries are, after leaving the cell, mixed together and ions desorb. Thereafter, the carbon slurry can be separated from the concentrated salt water, and the slurry can be reused [5,7,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79].…”

Section: Flow-electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2.1A. Alternative designs use carbon electrode wires [80], flowable electrode slurries [7,[72][73][74]76] or flow-through electrodes [112]. In addition, electrodes can be chemically modified [88,113], nanoparticles can be incorporated [114][115][116], ion-selective coatings can be applied [117,118], or ionexchange membranes can be placed in front of the electrodes in a modification called Membrane Capacitive Deionization, or MCDI [27,28,35,71,102,[119][120][121].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent research interests in the field of CDI include synthesis of new electrode materials and their chemical modification [11,33,51,[88][89][90], application of ion exchange membranes [27,34,162], and the design of novel CDI cells with, for example, wire-shaped electrodes [80] or flow electrodes [5,72,73].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Desalination with porous electrodes : Mechanisms of ion transport and adsorption

Dykstra¹

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Water Desalination: Electrostatic and Electrochemical Separation Processes

Shanbhag

Karimi

Whitacre

et al. 2019

Encyclopedia of Water

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Electrostatic and electrochemical separations offer significant potential in the deionization of water as either stand‐alone processes or pre‐/posttreatment processes for achieving targeted water quality. This article critically reviews these electrically driven methods for the desalination of water. We begin by chronicling the historical development of electrostatic and electrochemical separation processes in both research and commercial applications. Further, we review the fundamental transport and reaction phenomenon critical to process performance and define metrics for assessing this performance. The subsequent two sections provide a deeper review of CDI (electrostatic) and electrosorption (electrochemical ion removal), and electromembrane separation systems, such as electrodialysis (ED), electrodialysis reversal (EDR), and electrodeionization (EDI), as well as membrane‐assisted electrosorption systems. For each of these electrostatic or electrochemical separation methods, we discuss the process fundamentals, key challenges associated with these technologies as well as recent innovations in materials and process design that are overcoming historical limits. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of practical applications of these methods and summarize opportunities to advance electrochemical processes for materially and energy‐efficient ionic separations.

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Ion storage and energy recovery of a flow-electrode capacitive deionization process

Cited by 152 publications

References 29 publications

Flowable Conducting Particle Networks in Redox-Active Electrolytes for Grid Energy Storage

Flowable Conducting Particle Networks in Redox-Active Electrolytes for Grid Energy Storage

Desalination with porous electrodes : Mechanisms of ion transport and adsorption

Water Desalination: Electrostatic and Electrochemical Separation Processes

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