Ion-selective membrane electrodes for clinical use.

Abstract

We review ion-selective solvent polymeric membrane electrodes for clinical use. The particular requirements that the clinical application set on the membrane are discussed in terms of selectivity, stability, lifetime, and response time. The performance of currently available electrodes is reviewed, with consideration of actual problems that arise in clinical practice.

Simultaneous Determination of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+and Cl−in Unstimulated and Stimulated Human Saliva Using All Solid State Multisensor Platform

“…Currently solid contact ISEs are based on conducting polymers such as PEDOT: PSS [26,27] and POT [28,29]. Other constructions are based on molecular redox couples [30] and other materials like gold [31], platinum [32] and C60 [33] Ion-selective electrodes are widely used in clinical analysis [34,35]. Mostly, they are used in automated blood analysers, allowing quick determination of the basic parameters, such as concentration of sodium, potassium or calcium ions in blood plasma [36].…”

Stripping Voltammetry at the Interface between two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions: A Review Paper

“…Bakker et al [113] obtained a potentiometric detection limit of 18 nM perchlorate in deionized water by using a plasticized PVC membrane doped with lipophilic quaternary ammonium ions as anion exchangers. This technique has been used successfully for clinical ion analysis in undiluted blood [114]. Meyerhoff et al applied potentiometric poly-ion-sensitive electrodes [115][116][117], using PVC membranes doped with anionexchangers for heparin detection [72] and doped with cation-exchangers for protamine detection [118].…”

“…Large, super-Nernstian values are obtained in response to nonequilibrium ion-exchange processes [119]. Thus, potentiometric ISEs based on a response to nonequilibrium affect not only the detection limit [120] but also the selectivity of the analyte ion at low activity [114]. To achieve nanomolar and subnanomolar LODs, voltammetric ISEs at the double-polymer interface successfully eliminate the internal solution as a source of contamination by analyte ion [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124].…”

“…Thus, potentiometric ISEs based on a response to nonequilibrium affect not only the detection limit [120] but also the selectivity of the analyte ion at low activity [114]. To achieve nanomolar and subnanomolar LODs, voltammetric ISEs at the double-polymer interface successfully eliminate the internal solution as a source of contamination by analyte ion [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124]. Amemiya et al [125] reported a voltammetric ISE with low detection limits of 0.2-0.5 nM perchlorate in deionized water, commercial bottled water, and tap water, applying a submicrometer, plasticized PVC membrane spin-coated on POT-modified gold electrode with a rotating electrode arrangement.…”

Analysis of Simulated Martian Regolith Using an Array of Ion Selective Electrodes

“…One geochemical simulant (GEO1) was modeled after Viking XRF data and is composed of minerals and a high concentration of salts [20]. The other, GEO2, modeled after the same data, 2.8 Â 10 À2 -KHCO 3 8.0 Â 10 À4 -KNO 3 1.2 Â 10 À3 -Ca( NO 3 ) 2 1.2 Â 10 À4 -has an assortment of minerals, but no soluble salts [21]. It should be noted that the two simulants have the same overall elemental makeup but are chemically very different.…”