Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) and interferences—A review

Dimeski, Goce; Badrick, Tony; John, Andrew St

doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.12.005

Cited by 208 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Heparin has the disadvantage of binding positively charged electrolytes in whole blood (1), and is especially notorious for the introduction of pre-analytical errors in the measurement of ionized calcium (2). To prevent a negative bias in reported ionized calcium concentrations, blood gas syringes containing electrolyte-balanced heparin are commonly used.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrolyte-balanced heparin in blood gas syringes can introduce a significant bias in the measurement of positively charged electrolytes

Berkel

Scharnhorst

2010

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Background: Heparin binds positively charged electrolytes. In blood gas syringes, electrolyte-balanced heparin is used to prevent a negative bias in electrolyte concentrations. The potential pre-analytical errors introduced by blood gas syringes are largely unknown. Here, we evaluate electrolyte concentrations in non-anticoagulated blood compared with concentrations measured in electrolyte-balanced blood gas syringes. Methods: Venous blood was collected into plain tubes. Ioni-zed calcium, potassium, sodium and hydrogen ions were analyzed directly using a blood gas analyzer and the remaining blood was collected into different blood gas syringes in random order: Preset (Becton Dickinson), Monovette (Sar-stedt) and Pico 50-2 (Radiometer). Results: Ionized calcium and sodium concentrations were significantly lower in blood collected in Becton Dickinson and Sarstedt syringes compared to non-heparinized (NH) blood. The mean bias exceeded biological variation-based total allowable error, which in most cases leads to clinically misleading individual results. In contrast, ionized calcium concentrations in blood collected in Pico 50-2 syringes were identical to values obtained from NH blood. Sodium showed a minor, yet statistically significant, bias. Conclusions: Despite the fact that blood gas syringes now contain electrolyte-balanced heparin, one should be aware of the fact that these syringes can introduce pre-analytical bias in electrolyte concentrations. The extent of the bias differs between syringes.

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confidence: 99%

Electrolyte-balanced heparin in blood gas syringes can introduce a significant bias in the measurement of positively charged electrolytes

Berkel

Scharnhorst

2010

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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“…A handful of attempts to address the demand for personal monitoring of lithium have been reported, mainly through electrochemical methodologies such as Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) [13], [14] and electrophoresis [15], [16]. Some success has been achieved with these, but nevertheless, issues exist which relate to interference with other ions present in the sample [17], drifting of electrode-electrolyte interface impedance [18] and need for sample filtration [19]. Spectrophotometric [20] and spectrofluorimetric [21], [22] optical techniques have also been explored but these have focused on replacing current laboratory methods or used oral fluids as the testing media [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method for Rapid, Reliable, and Low-Volume Measurement of Lithium in Blood for Use in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Management

Qassem

Constantinou

Triantis

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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Abstract-Goal: Lithium preparations are considered the most reliable mood stabilizers for patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD), and are the most effective at reducing the risk of suicide. However, maintaining blood lithium concentration within the narrow therapeutic range of 0.4-1.2 mEq is crucial but extremely difficult. The aim of this work is to develop a personal lithium blood level analyzer using a novel method of combined optical and electrical impedance spectroscopy to test micro volumes of spiked samples of human blood. Results: Impedance measurements alone showed a limit of detection of less than 0.1 mEq within the therapeutic range, whereas optical measurements could verify the presence of lithium and provide a degree of lithium content. Optical specificity to lithium was further verified in qualitative assessment of lithium spiked blood samples with varying concentrations of sodium. Moreover, analysis of multiple linear regression yielded a prediction model of R2 = 0.322716 and RMSEP =0.223602 for optical measurements only using feature wavelengths, which were found to appear at minima 560 and 605 nm. Combined with impedance measurements, prediction of lithium concentration in samples with unknown lithium content was significantly increased to R2 = 0.876438, and RMSEP = 0.513554. Conclusion:The combination of optical and impedance modalities for determinations of blood lithium resulted in significant improvement to the sensitivity and accuracy of measurement. Significance: Results are complementary of the proposed optoimpedance method, and future work will now focus on the technical development of an integrated and miniaturized system for measurement of lithium levels in blood with a high level of accuracy and sensitivity.

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“…6 The detection of K + in blood is carried out using a potassium-selective electrode. 7,8 The required feature of such an ion-selective electrode is high preference for K + over Na + . Very selective K + electrodes were developed by applying crown ether derivatives as a potassium ionophore.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%