Ion Chromatography Applications in Wastewater Analysis

Michalski, Rajmund

doi:10.3390/separations5010016

Cited by 50 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…IC measures the concentration of ionic species Please do not adjust margins Please do not adjust margins by separating them on the basis of interaction with a resin. IC is generally used to detect NH4 + ions, which is the main product of nitrogen fixation in aqueous solutions 83 . IC detection analysis provides high sensitivity (~1-10 µg.L −1 ) and short time intervals for subsequent analysis of the samples.…”

Section: Nh3 Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterojunction-based photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: principles and current progress

et al. 2021

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Section: Nh3 Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterojunction-based photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: principles and current progress

et al. 2021

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“…Therefore, the separation with HCl eluent in combination with chloride-containing salt (e.g., KCl) has proven more useful as it suppresses the deprotonation level and thus decreases effective charge ( Z ) of inositol phosphates [ 104 ]. Experimental retention factors ( k ) are in good linear relationship according to the theoretical dependence on the eluent concentration ( c ) given by the following equation [ 105 ]: log k = −( Z / E ) log c + log I , where E is the charge of eluent and the constant I depends on the column and eluent characteristics.…”

Section: Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Determination of Phytic Acid and Other Inositol Phosphates: A Review

Marolt

Kolar

2020

Molecules

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From the early precipitation-based techniques, introduced more than a century ago, to the latest development of enzymatic bio- and nano-sensor applications, the analysis of phytic acid and/or other inositol phosphates has never been a straightforward analytical task. Due to the biomedical importance, such as antinutritional, antioxidant and anticancer effects, several types of methodologies were investigated over the years to develop a reliable determination of these intriguing analytes in many types of biological samples; from various foodstuffs to living cell organisms. The main aim of the present work was to critically overview the development of the most relevant analytical principles, separation and detection methods that have been applied in order to overcome the difficulties with specific chemical properties of inositol phosphates, their interferences, absence of characteristic signal (e.g., absorbance), and strong binding interactions with (multivalent) metals and other biological molecules present in the sample matrix. A systematical and chronological review of the applied methodology and the detection system is given, ranging from the very beginnings of the classical gravimetric and titrimetric analysis, through the potentiometric titrations, chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques, to the use of spectroscopic methods and of the recently reported fluorescence and voltammetric bio- and nano-sensors.

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“…Polar pesticides being charged over a broad pH range like glyphosate, ethephon [113], or paraquat [126] were successfully analyzed in food samples by IC-ESI-MS/MS. In environmental samples, this technique is mostly applied for the analysis of inorganic anions and cations as well as small organic acids [127]. However, in recent years, there has been progress in the analysis of polar pesticides in environmental waters by IC-MS. Glyphosate and two of its metabolites (all log P < − 2) were successfully analyzed in surface and drinking waters reaching LODs in the low ng/l range [128].…”

Section: Ion Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in sample preparation and separation methods for the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds in environmental water and biota samples

2020

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Recent years showed a boost in knowledge about the presence and fate of micropollutants in the environment. Instrumental and methodological developments mainly in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry hold a large share in this success story. These techniques soon complemented gas chromatography and enabled the analysis of more polar compounds including pesticides but also household chemicals, food additives, and pharmaceuticals often present as traces in surface waters. In parallel, sample preparation techniques evolved to extract and enrich these compounds from biota and water samples. This review article looks at very polar and ionic compounds using the criterion log P ≤ 1. Considering about 240 compounds, we show that (simulated) log D values are often even lower than the corresponding log P values due to ionization of the compounds at our reference pH of 7.4. High polarity and charge are still challenging characteristics in the analysis of micropollutants and these compounds are hardly covered in current monitoring strategies of water samples. The situation is even more challenging in biota analysis given the large number of matrix constituents with similar properties. Currently, a large number of sample preparation and separation approaches are developed to meet the challenges of the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds. In addition to reviewing them, we discuss some trends: for sample preparation, preconcentration and purification efforts by SPE will continue, possibly using upcoming mixed-mode stationary phases and mixed beds in order to increase comprehensiveness in monitoring applications. For biota analysis, miniaturization and parallelization are aspects of future research. For ionic or ionizable compounds, we see electromembrane extraction as a method of choice with a high potential to increase throughput by automation. For separation, predominantly coupled to mass spectrometry, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography applications will increase as the polarity range ideally complements reversed phase liquid chromatography, and instrumentation and expertise are available in most laboratories. Two-dimensional applications have not yet reached maturity in liquid-phase separations to be applied in higher throughput. Possibly, the development and commercial availability of mixed-mode stationary phases make 2D applications obsolete in semi-targeted applications. An interesting alternative will enter routine analysis soon: supercritical fluid chromatography demonstrated an impressive analyte coverage but also the possibility to tailor selectivity for targeted approaches. For ionic and ionizable micropollutants, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are amenable but may be used only for specialized applications such as the analysis of halogenated acids when aspects like desalting and preconcentration are solved and the key advantages are fully elaborated by further research.

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Ion Chromatography Applications in Wastewater Analysis

Cited by 50 publications

References 46 publications

Heterojunction-based photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: principles and current progress

Heterojunction-based photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: principles and current progress

Analytical Methods for Determination of Phytic Acid and Other Inositol Phosphates: A Review

Trends in sample preparation and separation methods for the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds in environmental water and biota samples

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