“…Recent developments toward high-repetition-rate ion sources [19,20] have aimed at the generation of pulsed, bright ion beams by well-known mechanisms such as Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) [21,22], Radiation Pressure Acceleration [23], etc. [11], which are beneficial to isotope production [24,25], positron emission tomography [26], ion beam microscopy [27], particle-induced X-ray emission [28], as well as inertial confinement fusion [29]. The mechanisms rely on the build up of large accelerating potentials, which are the consequence of electron dynamics that are also the source of ultra-strong electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) [30].…”