Iodine status from childhood to adulthood in females living in North-East Italy: Iodine deficiency is still an issue

Watutantrige-Fernando, Sara; Cavedon, Elisabetta; Nacamulli, Davide; Pozza, D; Ermolao, Andrea; Zaccaria, Marco; Girelli, Maria Elisa; Bertazza, Loris; Barollo, Susi; Mian, Caterina

doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0853-x

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Although unexpected increases were observed at day 14, the observed increase in milk iodide levels is not of great concern for public health as the levels never exceed maximum recommended level of 500 μg/L. In many countries, iodine from milk or dairy products is considered an important component of dietary iodine intake (Andersson and others ; Soriguer and others ; Watutantrige and others ) and milk iodine levels reported in this study would also support the prevention of iodine deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Iodide Residues in Milk Vary between Iodine‐Based Teat Disinfectants

French¹,

Mukai

Zurakowski

et al. 2016

Journal of Food Science

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Majority of iodine found in dairy milk comes from the diet and teat disinfection products used during milking process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4 iodine-based teat dips on milk iodide concentrations varying in iodine level (0.25% vs. 0.5%, w/w), normal low viscosity dip versus barrier dip, and application method (dip vs. spray) to ensure safe iodine levels in dairy milk when these products are used. The iodine exposure study was performed during a 2-wk period. The trial farm was purged of all iodine-based disinfection products for 21 d during a prestudy "washout period," which resulted in baseline milk iodide range of 145 to 182 ppb. During the experiment, iodine-based teat dips were used as post-milking teat disinfectants and compared to a non-iodine control disinfectant. Milk iodide residue levels for each treatment was evaluated from composited group samples. Introduction of different iodine-based teat disinfectants increased iodide residue content in milk relative to the control by between 8 and 29 μg/L when averaged across the full trial period. However, residues levels for any treatment remained well below the consumable limit of 500 μg/L. The 0.5% iodine disinfectant increased milk iodide levels by 20 μg/L more compared to the 0.25% iodine. Compared to dip-cup application, spray application significantly increased milk iodide residue by 21 μg/L and utilized approximately 23% more teat dip. This carefully controlled study demonstrated an increase in milk iodide concentrations from iodine disinfectants, but increases were small and within acceptable limits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Iodide Residues in Milk Vary between Iodine‐Based Teat Disinfectants

French¹,

Mukai

Zurakowski

et al. 2016

Journal of Food Science

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“…Indeed, Olivieri et al [5] reported that iodized salt accounted for 55% of salt sales in Italy in 2012. Moreover, in recent surveys in northeastern Italy, 70-80% of families declared that they used iodized salt daily [9,11], while in a study conducted in Calabria the percentage of families using iodized salt was 64-82% in rural-urban areas [23]. Of the 136 subjects attending our Center for Secondary Hypertension, 62% declared using iodized salt, since, at the beginning of the study, all these patients had had a consultation with a dietitian and had received written nutritional advice [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nutritional and cultural variables can influence iodine intake. Iodized salt and milk are the main foods that influence UIC in surveys conducted among Italian children [9,11]. Major barriers to iodine intake seem to be immigrant status and poverty, as documented in a cross-sectional survey recently conducted among around 3400 women referred to non-governmental organizations for their health needs [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Cohort of Adult Outpatients with Thyroid Diseases in Liguria 14 Years after the Law on Salt Iodization

et al. 2019

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Italy is considered a mildly iodine-deficient country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iodine status of a cohort of adults living in Liguria after the 2005 salt iodization program. We searched all medical records of patients examined in two endocrine outpatient clinics in Genoa and Savona for data on urinary iodine. Subjects were under evaluation for thyroid diseases. Information on the type of salt used was found in few clinical records. Iodized salt use was reported in 29%, 20%, and 13% of records of people living in Genoa districts, the Savona district and nearby districts, respectively. The average urinary iodine concentration was 112.9 ± 62.3 µg/L (n = 415, median 101.0 µg/L). Non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between subjects with (median 103.5 µg/L) and without (median 97.5 µg/L) a thyroid gland, between the periods 2009–2013 (median 105.0 µg/L) and 2014–2018 (median 97.5 µg/L), and between Genoa (median 94.0 µg/L), Savona (median 105.0 µg/L) and the other districts (median 114.5 µg/L). No correlation with age, body mass index, creatinine, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, levo-thyroxine dosage, or thyroid volume was observed. These data suggest a borderline status of iodine sufficiency in this cohort.

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“…This means that the iodine intake, which is already often below the indicated values at baseline, needs to be increased at least to 50% [55]. However, several surveys have demonstrated how frequent iodine deficiency is in pregnant women, both in developed and in developing countries [56-58]. Recent studies investigating the effects of hypothyroxinemia on fetal neurodevelopment, in general terms, have reported a negative correlation, especially when it occurs during the first trimester [30].…”

Section: Maternal Hypothyroidismmentioning

confidence: 99%