Iodine Intakes of Victorian Schoolchildren Measured Using 24-h Urinary Iodine Excretion

Beckford, Kelsey; Grimes, Carley; Margerison, Claire; Riddell, Lynn; Skeaff, Sheila; Nowson, Caryl

doi:10.3390/nu9090961

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…We found that children had the highest median UIC, the highest usual iodine intake and the lowest probability of inadequate iodine intake. Adequate iodine nutrition has been reported in school-age children in Sweden [ 44 ], Portugal [ 45 ], and Australia [ 46 ] and a number of countries globally, simultaneously to finding inadequate iodine status in pregnant women in the same populations [ 16 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. As milk is a main iodine source in countries without mandatory salt iodization, higher consumption of milk and dairy products in younger age groups explains why children are iodine sufficient while their mothers are not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inadequate Iodine Intake in Population Groups Defined by Age, Life Stage and Vegetarian Dietary Practice in a Norwegian Convenience Sample

et al. 2018

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Inadequate iodine intake has been identified in populations considered iodine replete for decades. The objective of the current study is to evaluate urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and the probability of adequate iodine intake in subgroups of the Norwegian population defined by age, life stage and vegetarian dietary practice. In a cross-sectional survey, we assessed the probability of adequate iodine intake by two 24-h food diaries and UIC from two fasting morning spot urine samples in 276 participants. The participants included children (n = 47), adolescents (n = 46), adults (n = 71), the elderly (n = 23), pregnant women (n = 45), ovo-lacto vegetarians (n = 25), and vegans (n = 19). In all participants combined, the median (95% CI) UIC was 101 (90, 110) µg/L, median (25th, 75th percentile) calculated iodine intake was 112 (77, 175) µg/day and median (25th, 75th percentile) estimated usual iodine intake was 101 (75, 150) µg/day. According to WHOs criteria for evaluation of median UIC, iodine intake was inadequate in the elderly, pregnant women, vegans and non-pregnant women of childbearing age. Children had the highest (82%) and vegans the lowest (14%) probability of adequate iodine intake according to reported food and supplement intakes. This study confirms the need for monitoring iodine intake and status in nationally representative study samples in Norway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inadequate Iodine Intake in Population Groups Defined by Age, Life Stage and Vegetarian Dietary Practice in a Norwegian Convenience Sample

et al. 2018

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“…Random spot urine (RSU) was chosen by selecting the maximal figures among the randomly generated number of each participant's all urinary samples. A complete collection of 24-hour urine sample met the following three requirements: (1) the total volume of 24 hour mixed urine ≥500 mL (19) ; (2) leakage of each spot urine ≤200 mL; and (3) missing no more than 1 void during collection.…”

Section: Urine Collection and Laboratory Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of equations for predicting 24-h urinary potassium excretion from spot urine samples in Chinese children

et al. 2021

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Accurate assessments of potassium intake in children are important for the early prevention of cardiovascular disease. Currently, there is no simple approach for accurate estimation of potassium intake in children. We aim to evaluate the accuracy of 24-hour urinary potassium excretion (24UKV) estimation in children using three common equations: the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and Mage formulas, in a hospital-based setting. A total of 151 participants aged 5˜18 years were initially enrolled, and spot urine samples were collected in the whole 24-hour duration to measure the concentrations of potassium and creatinine. We calculated the mean difference, absolute and relative difference, and misclassification rate between measured 24UKV and the predicted ones using Kawasaki, Tanaka, and Mage formulas in 129 participants. The mean measured 24UKV was 1193.3 mg/d in our study. Mean differences between estimated and measured 24UKV were 1215.6, −14.9, and 230.3 mg/d by the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and Mage formulas, respectively. All estimated 24UKV were significantly different from the measured values in all the timepoint (all P<0.05), except for the predicted values from Tanaka formula using morning, afternoon, and evening spot urine. The proportions with relative differences over 40% were 87.2%, 32.5%, and 47.3% for Kawasaki, Tanaka, and Mage formulas, respectively. Misclassification rates were 91.5% for Kawasaki, 44.4% for Tanaka, and 58.9% for Mage formula at the individual level. Our findings showed that misclassification could occur on the individual level when using Kawasaki, Tanaka, and Mage formulas to estimate 24UKV from spot urine in the child population.

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“…The data for this study were taken from the Salt and Other Nutrient Intake in Children study, a cross-sectional study conducted in a convenience sample of Victorian primary schools from June 2010 to May 2013. The main outcomes of the Salt and Other Nutrient Intake in Children study (31) and findings related to iodine intakes (26) have been previously published.…”

Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method for determining urinary Na has been described previously (33) . Urinary iodine concentration (μg/l) was determined using a modification of the method of Pino et al (26,44) . The internal standard used was a pooled urine sample (mean (SD) iodine concentration 84•1 (SD 3•8) μg/l) which gave a CV of 4•5 % (n 54).…”

Section: Urinalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the success of voluntary fortification of bread with iodised salt in Tasmania (19) , mandatory fortification of all commercially produced bread in Australia (excluding organic varieties) with iodised salt was implemented in 2009 (20) . Studies conducted post-fortification with the use of iodised salt in bread have observed an improvement in iodine status (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) .…”

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Food sources of iodine in schoolchildren and relationship with 24-h urinary iodine excretion in Victoria, Australia

et al. 2021

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Dietary recalls have been used previously to identify food sources of iodine in Australian schoolchildren. Dietary assessment can provide information on the relative contributions of individual food groups which can be related to a robust objective measure of daily intake (24hr urinary iodine excretion (UIE)). In Australia, the government has mandated the use of iodised salt in breadmaking to address iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the dietary intake and food sources of iodine to assess their contribution to iodine excretion (UIE) in a sample of Australian schoolchildren. In 2011-13 UIE was assessed using a single 24-hour urine sample and dietary intake was assessed using one 24-hour dietary recall in a convenience sample of primary schoolchildren from schools in Victoria, Australia. Of the 454 children with a valid recall and urine sample 55% were male (average age 10.1) (1.3(SD) years). Mean (SD) UIE and dietary iodine intake were 108(54) and 172(74) μg/day, respectively. Dietary assessment indicated that bread and milk were the main food sources of iodine, contributing 27% and 25%, respectively, to dietary iodine. Milk but not bread intake was positively associated with UIE. Multiple regression (adjusted for school cluster, age and gender) indicated that for every 100g increase in milk consumption, there was a 3μg/day increase in UIE (β=4.0 (0.9)(SE), P<0.001). In conclusion, both bread and milk were important contributors to dietary iodine intake however consumption of bread was not associated with daily iodine excretion in this group of Australian schoolchildren.

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Iodine Intakes of Victorian Schoolchildren Measured Using 24-h Urinary Iodine Excretion

Cited by 6 publications

References 65 publications

Inadequate Iodine Intake in Population Groups Defined by Age, Life Stage and Vegetarian Dietary Practice in a Norwegian Convenience Sample

Inadequate Iodine Intake in Population Groups Defined by Age, Life Stage and Vegetarian Dietary Practice in a Norwegian Convenience Sample

Accuracy of equations for predicting 24-h urinary potassium excretion from spot urine samples in Chinese children

Food sources of iodine in schoolchildren and relationship with 24-h urinary iodine excretion in Victoria, Australia

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