Iodine Intake Estimated by 24 h Urine Collection in the Italian Adult Population: 2008–2012 Survey

Iacone, Roberto; Idelson, Paola Iaccarino; Formisano, Pietro; Russo, Ornella; Noce, Cinzia Lo; Donfrancesco, Chiara; Macchia, Paolo Emidio; Palmieri, Luigi; Galeone, Daniela; Lenarda, Andrea Di; Giampaoli, Simona; Strazzullo, Pasquale

doi:10.3390/nu13051529

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…According to WHO, these two policies are not conflictual with each other [ 3 ]. We have previously reported data on salt consumption [ 8 ] and iodine intake [ 10 ] in a national sample of Italian adult population. Purpose of the present analysis was to elucidate the relationship between salt consumption and iodine intake in the same population sample and to estimate the respective contributions of iodine intake from food and from iodized salt consumption to the achievement of a condition of adequate iodine status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the OEC/HES 2008–2012, sodium and iodine excretion were assessed in the framework of the Interdisciplinary Group for the Reduction of Salt Intake in Italy (MINISAL-GIRCSI Programme) and the Meno Sale Più Salute Programme. A detailed description of the methods for data collection and measurement of electrolyte excretion has been previously provided by Donfrancesco et al [ 12 ] and by Iacone et al [ 10 ]. For the purpose of the present study, a total of 9111 participants aged 25–79 years, 4555 men and 4556 women, from twenty-three centres of all the Italian regions were considered.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have previously published the results of a survey carried out in 2008–2012 in a national sample of the Italian adult population, that showed an average salt consumption definitely higher than the standard dietary target of 5 g/day (or 2 g/day of sodium) [ 8 , 9 ] and concomitantly an inadequate iodine intake in both men and women and for all age categories [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine Intake from Food and Iodized Salt as Related to Dietary Salt Consumption in the Italian Adult General Population

Iacone¹,

Idelson²,

Russo³

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Since the Italian iodoprophylaxis strategy is based on the use of iodized salt, we assessed the relationship between dietary salt consumption and iodine intake in the Italian adult population. We estimated the relative contribution given by the use of iodized salt and by the iodine introduced by foods to the total iodine intake. The study population included 2219 adults aged 25–79 years (1138 men and 1081 women) from all Italian regions, participating to the Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare/Health Examination Survey 2008–2012 (OEC/HES), and examined for sodium and iodine intake in the framework of the MINISAL-GIRCSI Programme. Dietary sodium and total iodine intake were assessed by the measurement of 24 h urinary excretion, while the EPIC questionnaire was used to evaluate the iodine intake from food. Sodium and iodine intake were significantly and directly associated, upon accounting for age, sex, and BMI (Spearman rho = 0.298; p < 0.001). The iodine intake increased gradually across quintiles of salt consumption in both men and women (p < 0.001). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adequacy level for iodine intake was met by men, but not women, only in the highest quintile of salt consumption. We estimated that approximately 57% of the iodine intake is derived from food and 43% from salt. Iodized salt contributed 24% of the total salt intake, including both discretionary and non-discretionary salt consumption. In conclusion, in this random sample of the Italian general adult population examined in 2008–2012, the total iodine intake secured by iodized salt and the iodine provision by food was insufficient to meet the EFSA adequate iodine intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine Intake from Food and Iodized Salt as Related to Dietary Salt Consumption in the Italian Adult General Population

Iacone¹,

Idelson²,

Russo³

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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“…Similar results were found by Nazeri et al [8] However, in studies by Iacone et al and Tayie et al, men had higher UIC levels. [25,26] We found a signi cant negative correlation between hypertension and UIC levels. Similar results were found by Usha Menon et al [27] Meanwhile, Tayie et al found no correlation between those factors, while Liu J et al found a positive correlation between UIC levels and high blood pressures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…[7,8] Median UIC in this study is similar to median UIC of 200 µg/L and 186.1 µg/L in 8-10 year old school-children of Shiraz (capital of Fars province) and Iran respectively. [9] Median UIC in adults worldwide includes 144 µg/L in China [11], 110 µg/L in US [12], 46 µg/L in Italy [13] and 124.66 µg/L in Spain [14]. Results from our study indicated that national efforts to curb iodine de ciency is still successful 28 years after the introduction of 1994 Salt Iodization Act.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency within the third decade after Compulsory Iodine Supplementation Policy in South of IRAN

Jeddi

Habib

Salehi

2022

Preprint

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Background: Recently, some studies in Iran have shown mild to moderate iodine levels in the adults and pregnant population despite iodine sufficiency in children. We designed this study to evaluate the urine iodine status and salt intake of adult household of the city of Sadra, Fars province in southern Iran and to assess its possible influencing factors.Method: Participant households for this cross-sectional study were chosen based on randomized cluster sampling. Two subjects over 18 years of age from each household were invited. 92 subjects (24 men, 68 women) were enrolled. Subjects were asked for 24-hour urine collection, examined for thyroid disorders and sent for thyroid ultrasonography and thyroid function tests. Urine samples were tested for iodine, sodium and creatinine levels. Household salt intakes were estimated.Results: Median urine iodine content (UIC) in the population was 175 (IQR: 117 – 250) µg/L and the median salt consumption per person per day was 9.59 (IQR: 7.34 – 14.55) gr. Gender, methods of salt storage, goiter or thyroid nodules, salt added by cooking stage or subclinical hypothyroidism had no effect on UIC while individuals with hypertension and lower education levels had significantly lower iodine levels. UIC had a significant positive correlation with urine sodium and TSH levels and a negative correlation with thyroid volume and T4. Conclusion: Iodine status in the adult population of city of Sadra is categorized as sufficient despite inadequate iodine levels in Tehran. Contributing factor can be the higher use of salt or possible high environmental iodine concentrations in Sadra.

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Iodine intake assessment in the staff of a Porto region university (Portugal): the iMC Salt trial

et al. 2023

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Purpose Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is an ongoing worldwide recognized problem with over two billion individuals having insufficient iodine intake. School-aged children and pregnant women are often target groups for epidemiological studies, but there is a lack of knowledge on the general adult population. The aim of this study was to assess the iodine status among a Portuguese public university staff as a proxy for the adult working population. Methods The population study covered 103 adults within the iMC Salt randomized clinical trial, aged 24–69 years. Urinary iodine concentration was measured spectrophotometrically using the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction. Iodine food intake was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall. The contribution of discretionary salt to the iodine daily intake was assessed through 24-h urinary sodium excretion (UIE) and potentiometric iodine determination of household salt. Results The mean urine volume in 24 h was 1.5 L. The median daily iodine intake estimated from 24-h UIE was 113 µg/day, being lower among women (p < 0.05). Only 22% of participants showed iodine intake above the WHO-recommended cutoff (150 µg/day). The median daily iodine intake estimated from the 24-h dietary recall was 58 µg/day (51 and 68 µg/day in women and men, respectively). Dairy, including yoghurt and milk products, were the primary dietary iodine source (55%). Iodine intake estimated from 24-h UIE and 24-h dietary recall was moderately correlated (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r = 0.34, p < 0.05). The average iodine concentration in household salt was 14 mg I/kg, with 45% of the samples below the minimum threshold preconized by WHO (15 mg I/kg). The contribution of discretionary salt to the daily iodine intake was around 38%. Conclusion This study contributes new knowledge about iodine status in Portuguese working adults. The results revealed moderate iodine deficiency, particularly in women. Public health strategies and monitoring programs are needed to ensure iodine adequacy in all population groups.

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Iodine Intake Estimated by 24 h Urine Collection in the Italian Adult Population: 2008–2012 Survey

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Iodine Intake from Food and Iodized Salt as Related to Dietary Salt Consumption in the Italian Adult General Population

Iodine Intake from Food and Iodized Salt as Related to Dietary Salt Consumption in the Italian Adult General Population

Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency within the third decade after Compulsory Iodine Supplementation Policy in South of IRAN

Iodine intake assessment in the staff of a Porto region university (Portugal): the iMC Salt trial

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