Iodine immobilization by materials through sorption and redox-driven processes: A literature review

Moore, R. L.; Pearce, Carolyn I.; Morad, Joseph W; Chatterjee, Sayandev; Levitskaia, Tatiana G.; Asmussen, R. Matthew; Lawter, Amanda R.; Neeway, James J.; Qafoku, Nikolla P.; Rigali, Mark J.; Saslow, Sarah A.; Szecsody, Jim E.; Thallapally, Praveen K.; Wang, Guohui; Freedman, Vicky L.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.166

Cited by 66 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Solid sorbents typically consist of porous scaffolds that contain a type of getter metal for chemisorbing iodine vapors (e.g., zeolites, aerogels, xerogels), − porous scaffolds for physisorption (e.g., activated carbon, graphene), ,, or some that do both [e.g., chalcogels, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and doped activated carbons]. − Typically, the goal of an effective sorbent is to form a strong bond to prevent reversible binding (i.e., release) after capture, so chemisorption processes represent a large portion of the literature on this topic. More extensive reviews are provided elsewhere for more comprehensive overviews of these technologies. ,− …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Vapor Reactions with Pure Metal Wires at Temperatures of 100–139 °C in Air

Riley

Chong

Beck

2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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± 5 °C) with exposure times of 24 h at each temperature. Over these temperatures, some of the metals showed increased mass gain with higher temperatures (i.e., In, Ag, Cu), Sn showed decreased iodine capture at increased temperatures, and most metals (i.e., Mo, Nb, Ni, Pd, Pt, and Ta) showed little to no mass gain at all temperatures. Silver mordenite (AgZ) was used as a standard during these studies and showed a consistent mass gain (m % I ) of 10.6 → 12.8% over this temperature range. The values of the mass of iodine captured per mass of starting metal (g g −1 ) ranged widely across the study, with the highest values achieved for (in descending order) Sn-T 100 °C (4.37), In-T 139 °C (3.34), Sn-T 123 °C (1.98), In-T 123 °C (1.57), Ag-T 139 °C(1.19), In-T 100 °C (0.97), and Cu-T 139 °C (0.71). In some cases, the metal-iodide complex was not stable at the experimental temperature, and it was clear some volatility had occurred during the experiment based on discoloration in the vials. These results show that some metals can have extensive reactions with I 2(g) without showing metal-iodide preferences over metal-oxide formation based on thermodynamic predictions. It is possible that materials such as these could be implemented near nuclear facilities to getter I 2(g) in the event of a nuclear accident.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Vapor Reactions with Pure Metal Wires at Temperatures of 100–139 °C in Air

Riley

Chong

Beck

2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Iodine mobility and fate in the subsurface is complex. The behavior of 129 I in the environment is mainly controlled by its speciation and concentration − and the prevailing pH − and redox conditions. ,− Previous research has focused on understanding biotic and abiotic factors that affect iodine speciation and how these influence its mobility in the subsurface . However, 129 I chemical transformations and dynamics during environmental remediation are still poorly understood, and published studies addressing treatment in groundwater are limited .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The behavior of 129 I in the environment is mainly controlled by its speciation and concentration − and the prevailing pH − and redox conditions. ,− Previous research has focused on understanding biotic and abiotic factors that affect iodine speciation and how these influence its mobility in the subsurface . However, 129 I chemical transformations and dynamics during environmental remediation are still poorly understood, and published studies addressing treatment in groundwater are limited . Currently, the biogeochemical behavior of 127 Ithe nonradioactive isotope of iodineis used as a proxy to understand the behavior of 129 I; thus technologies with documented success or theoretical ability to treat 127 I have been assumed to be effective in treating 129 I .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Sorbents for ¹²⁹I Capture from Contaminated Groundwater

Cordova

Garayburu‐Caruso

Pearce

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Radioiodine (129I) poses a risk to the environment due to its long half-life, toxicity, and mobility. It is found at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site due to legacy releases of nuclear wastes to the subsurface where 129I is predominantly present as iodate (IO3 –). To date, a cost-effective and scalable cleanup technology for 129I has not been identified, with hydraulic containment implemented as the remedial approach. Here, novel high-performing sorbents for 129I remediation with the capacity to reduce 129I concentrations to or below the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water standard and procedures to deploy them in an ex-situ pump and treat (P&T) system are introduced. This includes implementation of hybridized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) beads for ex-situ remediation of IO3 –-contaminated groundwater for the first time. Iron (Fe) oxyhydroxide and bismuth (Bi) oxyhydroxide sorbents were deployed on silica substrates or encapsulated in porous PAN beads. In addition, Fe–, cerium (Ce)–, and Bi–oxyhydroxides were encapsulated with anion-exchange resins. The PAN–bismuth oxyhydroxide and PAN–ferrihydrite composites along with Fe- and Ce-based hybrid anion-exchange resins performed well in batch sorption experiments with distribution coefficients for IO3 – of >1000 mL/g and rapid removal kinetics. Of the tested materials, the Ce-based hybrid anion-exchange resin was the most efficient for removal of IO3 – from Hanford groundwater in a column system, with 50% breakthrough occurring at 324 pore volumes. The functional amine groups on the parent resin and amount of active sorbent in the resin can be customized to improve the iodine loading capacity. These results highlight the potential for IO3 – remediation by hybrid sorbents and represent a benchmark for the implementation of commercially available materials to meet EPA standards for cleanup of 129I in a large-scale P&T system.

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“…6 131 Iodine is another radioisotope of iodine that is released in the environment in the unfortunate event of a nuclear plant accident. 7,8 131 I has a much shorter half-life ($8 days) and it is oen used in radiation therapy to treat thyroid cancer. 9 Since thyroid glands concentrate iodine to produce thyroxine, inhalation of radioisotopes of iodine may introduce radioactive isotopes in the metabolic system and cause radiation poisoning and thyroid cancers in healthy individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triptycene-based and imine linked porous uniform microspheres for efficient and reversible scavenging of iodine from various media: a systematic study

Alam

Chandra

Prince

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Adv.

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Iodine immobilization by materials through sorption and redox-driven processes: A literature review

Cited by 66 publications

References 103 publications

Iodine Vapor Reactions with Pure Metal Wires at Temperatures of 100–139 °C in Air

Iodine Vapor Reactions with Pure Metal Wires at Temperatures of 100–139 °C in Air

Hybrid Sorbents for ¹²⁹I Capture from Contaminated Groundwater

Triptycene-based and imine linked porous uniform microspheres for efficient and reversible scavenging of iodine from various media: a systematic study

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Iodine immobilization by materials through sorption and redox-driven processes: A literature review

Cited by 66 publications

References 103 publications

Iodine Vapor Reactions with Pure Metal Wires at Temperatures of 100–139 °C in Air

Iodine Vapor Reactions with Pure Metal Wires at Temperatures of 100–139 °C in Air

Hybrid Sorbents for 129I Capture from Contaminated Groundwater

Triptycene-based and imine linked porous uniform microspheres for efficient and reversible scavenging of iodine from various media: a systematic study

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Hybrid Sorbents for ¹²⁹I Capture from Contaminated Groundwater