Iodine doping of a photocuring, one-component embedding medium for µCT and histology

Abstract

Objective: Evaluation of μCT scans of bone implant complexes often shows a specific problem: if an implant material has a very similar radiopacity as the embedding medium (e.g. methacrylate resin), the implant is not visible in the μCT image. Segmentation is not possible, and especially osseointegration as one of the most important parameter for biocompatibility is not evaluable. Methods: To ensure μCT visualisation and contrast enhancement of the evaluated materials, the embedding medium Technovit® VLC7200 was doped with an iodine monomer for higher radiopacity in different concentrations and tested regarding to handling, polymerisation, and histological preparation, and visualisation in µCT. Six different µCT devices were used and compared with regard to scan conditions, contrast, artefacts, image noise, and spatial resolution for the evaluation of the bone-implant blocks. Results: Visualisation and evaluation of all target structures showed very good results in all μCT scans as well as in histology and histological staining, without negative effects caused by iodine doping. Subsequent evaluation of explants of in vivo experiments without losing important information was possible with iodine doped embedding medium. Conclusion: Visualisation of implants with a similar radiopacity as the embedding medium could be considerably improved. µCT scan settings should be selected with the highest possible resolution, and different implant materials should be scanned individually for optimal segmentation. µCT devices with higher resolutions should be preferred. Advances in knowledge: Iodine doped embedding medium is a useful option to increase radiopacity for better visualisation and evaluation of special target structures in µCT.

Modification and evaluation of diatrizoate sodium containing polymethyl methacrylate bone cement

“…Mark et al 19 added povidone iodine to bone cement in liquid form and found that it can significantly shorten the dough time of bone cement, which is consistent with Vaishya et al, 20 and will reduce the compressive strength and modulus of bone cement. Schneider et al 21 dissolved the synthesized polymerized iodine monomer in the liquid agent at different concentrations. It was found that high iodine concentration would lead to high radiopacity and will have a negative impact on the hardening process and stability.…”