Iodine Deficiency in Saudi Arabia

Al-Nuaim, Abdul Rahman; Al-Mazrou, Yagob Y.; Kamel, Mohamed Hassan; Al‐Attas, Omar S.; Al-Daghari, Nasser; Sulimani, Riyad

doi:10.5144/0256-4947.1997.293

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…[14] In a study in Saudi Arabia by Al Nuaim et al ., the prevalence of goiter in the studied areas ranged from 8% to 30%. [15] An overall prevalence of 16.8% was estimated in a survey in Yemen by Zein et al . [16]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine deficiency in children: A comparative study in two districts of south-interior Karnataka, India

Ahmed¹,

Zama²,

Nagarajarao³

et al. 2014

J Fam Community Med

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Introduction:Iodine is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are essential for mammalian life. Although goiter is the most visible sequelae of iodine deficiency, the major impact of hypothyroidism as a result of iodine deficiency is impaired neurodevelopment, particularly early in life. According to the World Health Organization, it is the single most preventable cause of mental retardation and brain damage. The simplest, most effective and inexpensive preventive method is the consumption of iodized salt.Objectives:The objective of the following study is to estimate the prevalence of goiter in children in the rural areas of Mysore and Coorg districts in India and estimate iodine levels in salt samples.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study in the age group of 6-12 years, using population proportionate to size systematic sampling method. The total sample size was 10,082: out of which 5337 was from Mysore and the rest from Coorg district. Clinical examination of the thyroid gland was done and salt samples collected for the estimation of Iodine.Results:The total prevalence of goiter was 19.01% in children of 6-12 years in Coorg district and 8.77% in Mysore district and it was more in females than in males.Conclusions:It was observed that iodine deficiency disorders is endemic in both districts, with a prevalence of 19.01% in children aged 6-12 years in Coorg district and 8.77% in Mysore district. Analysis of salt samples suggested that most of the samples were inadequately iodised (73.92% in Coorg and 45.92% in Mysore).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine deficiency in children: A comparative study in two districts of south-interior Karnataka, India

Ahmed¹,

Zama²,

Nagarajarao³

et al. 2014

J Fam Community Med

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“…A previous cross-sectional study reported a mild degree of iodine deficiency in Saudi school children [15], and the authors recommended that iodized salt be more widely used. However, their findings were in contrast to a report from neighboring Gulf countries, where iodine intake (ug/day) Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Deficiency Among Hypothyroid Patients Living in Jeddah

Alissa¹,

Alshali²,

Ferns

2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The objective was to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency among hypothyroid patients and the effect of dietary goitrogens on indices of iodine and thyroid status. This is a case-control study of 106 subjects who were recruited from King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah. Blood and urine were collected for serum thyroid hormones, thyroid autoantibodies, thyroglobulin (Tg) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Dietary iodine and goitrogenic food intake were assessed by questionnaire. Using World Health Organization (WHO) cutoff values for UIC, both controls and cases were iodine deficient (85% and 83%, respectively). Furthermore, dietary iodine was deficient in 23% of controls and 36% of cases. In cases, there was a positive association between UIC levels and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (r = 0.405, p < 0.01) and a negative association with serum fT(4) (r = -0.358, p < 0.01). Serum Tg antibody titers were also positively associated with dietary iodine (r = 0.328, p < 0.05). Patients with elevated serum autoantibodies had lower UIC and dietary iodine than those with normal serum autoantibodies. UIC was associated with dietary goitrogens including turnip (r = 0.280, p < 0.05) and pine (r = 0.289, p < 0.05) among cases. Iodine deficiency is common and the consumption of dietary goitrogens is high among euthyroid and hypothyroid subjects living in Jeddah.

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“…Historically, iodine deficiency has been a public health problem in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries, particularly in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iraq, Iran, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen, and Pakistan 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Iran took the first initiative in the region in 1989 and established the Iranian National Committee for control of IDD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting sustainable iodine deficiency elimination in Pakistan: A global perspective

Khattak

Ittermann³

et al. 2017

Journal of Epidemiology

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Iodine deficiency remains a considerable challenge worldwide, even after decades of efforts to address the problem. The aim of this review is to present the current situation in historically iodine-deficient Pakistan regarding iodine nutritional status and place it in a global perspective. We collected relevant articles from online bibliographic databases and websites of concerned organizations that addressed prevalence of goiter/iodine deficiency and barriers to sustainable control. We divided the studies into pre- and post-1994, a landmark year when Pakistan formally adopted the universal salt iodization (USI) programme. Overall, 56 studies reported goiter/iodine deficiency prevalence in Pakistan. Before 1994, six studies (30%) reported a goiter prevalence ≥70%, while nine studies (45%) reported a goiter prevalence between 30% and 70%. Only five studies (25%) found a goiter prevalence less than 30%, of which only two studies reported prevalence <10%. From 1994 onwards, 15 studies (41.7%) reported a goiter/iodine deficiency (ID) prevalence ≥50%, of which seven studies reported prevalence ≥70%, while three studies (8.3%) found a goiter prevalence of 30%–49%, nine studies (25%) found a goiter prevalence of 10%–29%, and five studies (13.9%) reported prevalence of <10%. Four studies (11.1%) reported lower goiter prevalence but higher prevalence of iodine deficiency. The efforts in the past two decades resulted in up to a 50% decline in iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Variable remaining factors and the recent results, however, indicate that this decline may be non-uniform and even over-estimated. Coordinated and regionally adopted efforts for eradication of IDD from all stakeholders should be pursued. Policy makers should take steps to protect future generations and alert concerned organizations about the importance of careful assessments and estimates of iodine nutritional status.

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Iodine Deficiency in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 27 publications

References 4 publications

Iodine deficiency in children: A comparative study in two districts of south-interior Karnataka, India

Iodine deficiency in children: A comparative study in two districts of south-interior Karnataka, India

Iodine Deficiency Among Hypothyroid Patients Living in Jeddah

Factors affecting sustainable iodine deficiency elimination in Pakistan: A global perspective

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