Iodine deficiency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development

The Role of Nutrition in Children's Neurocognitive Development, From Pregnancy Through Childhood

“…The relationship between iodine and cognitive development is extensively researched. It is well known today that severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause "cretinism" in children (Forrest, 2004;Zimmermann, 2007Zimmermann, , 2009Zimmermann, , 2011Melse-Boonstra and Jaiswal, 2010). The clinical manifestation of cretinism depends on the severity of iodine deficiency; the features may include mental retardation, speech and hearing impairment, upper motor neuron and extrapyramidal lesions (Delong et al, 1985).…”

“…The clinical manifestation of cretinism depends on the severity of iodine deficiency; the features may include mental retardation, speech and hearing impairment, upper motor neuron and extrapyramidal lesions (Delong et al, 1985). Iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body; 70-80% of it is found in the thyroid gland (Melse-Boonstra and Jaiswal, 2010). Iodine deficiency manifests in hypothyroidism, causing underproduction of thyroid hormones including triiodothyronin (T3) and thyroxin (T4).…”

“…Iodine deficiency manifests in hypothyroidism, causing underproduction of thyroid hormones including triiodothyronin (T3) and thyroxin (T4). Thyroid hormones play an important role in neurodevelopment and numerous neurological processes including neuronal cell differentiation, maturation and migration, myelination, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity (Zimmermann, 2009(Zimmermann, , 2011Melse-Boonstra and Jaiswal, 2010). In addition, in animal models hypothyroidism alters neurogenesis and the development and functions of synapses in the hippocampus (Desouza et al, 2005;Gong et al, 2010).…”

“…Qian et al (Qian, 2005) conducted a meta-analysis on studies from different locations in China where the soil is severely iodine deficient, and found a 12.3 point decrease in the IQ of those children whose mothers lived in iodine deficient areas compared to those living in iodine sufficient locations. The association between mild-moderate maternal iodine deficiency and cognitive development is not as clear as it is when iodine deficiency is severe (Forrest, 2004;Zimmermann, 2007Zimmermann, , 2009Zimmermann, , 2011Melse-Boonstra and Jaiswal, 2010). In mild-moderate iodine deficiency, maternal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the thyroid hormone T3 level are unaffected, such that hypothyroidism is not clinically or even sub-clinically diagnosed.…”

Neurogenetic Aspects of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Affections of the Central Nervous System

“…Но помимо эпигенети-ческих имеются и прямые механизмы влияния недоста-точного питания матери во время беременности на раз-вивающийся мозг ребенка. В частности, в основном вследствие гипопротеинемии, а также дефицита йода нарушается само созревание структур мозга и нервной ткани [83][84][85], что сопровождается нарушением сенсо-моторных реакций [86]. В дополнение к общим эффектам недостаточности питания отмечаются и частные: в серии работ показано, что дефицит холина во время беремен-ности изменяет нейрогенез и ангиогенез в гиппокампе плода [87][88][89].…”