Iodine deficiency in pregnancy in Denmark

Nøhr, Susanne Backman; Laurberg, Peter; Børlum, Karl-Gerhardt; Pedersen, K. M.; Johannesen, P.; Damm, Peter; Fuglsang, Ebbe; Johansen, Allan

doi:10.3109/00016349309021111

Cited by 39 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In epidemiological studies the difference in iodine excretion between users and non-users of iodine supplementation is often lower than the difference in intake between users and non-users (Nùhr et al, 1993;Pedersen et al, 1995). The reason for this is not clear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to estimate iodine intake

et al. 2001

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Objective: To evaluate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used to assess the dietary intake of iodine. Design: The iodine intake determined by the FFQ was compared with 4-day dietary records and with iodine excretion in 24 h urine samples in a subgroup of participants in a cross-sectional study of iodine intake and thyroid diseases in Denmark. Furthermore, the intake of ®sh determined from the FFQ was compared with the intake of ®sh from a simple record kept for 3 months. Subjects: Women aged 25 ± 30 y and 60 ± 65 y. Results: Median iodine intake was similar when determined from the FFQ and from dietary records and the correlation between these measures was 0.52 (P`0.001). Iodine intake was higher than iodine excretion (P`0.001). The cross-check questions in the FFQ (for example the question`How often did you get any kind of ®sh?') underestimated the intake. In contrast, the intake of a speci®c ®sh tended to be overestimated by the FFQ when compared with the 3 month record of ®sh intake. Conclusion: The FFQ can be used to classify subjects into low and high iodine intake groups, but the level of iodine tends to be overestimated. Sponsorship: The Danish Medical Foundation and the 1991 Pharmacy Foundation. Descriptors: iodine intake; food frequency questionnaire; dietary assessment methods; validity; biomarkers; epidemiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to estimate iodine intake

et al. 2001

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“…Previous studies have shown that not only pregnant women in iodine-deficient regions 9,10,18 but also those residing in iodine-sufficient areas 7,19 may suffer from iodine deficiency. In the United States, where an effective national programme for dietary iodine supplementation has been in place more than 80 years, the most recent study showed a median urinary iodine level of 145 mg/dl 7 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

Azizi

Aminorroya

Hedayati

et al. 2003

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Pregnancy is accompanied by profound alterations in thyroid economy and relative iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary iodine excretion of pregnant women in cities with adequate and more than adequate iodine intake. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on schoolchildren and pregnant women in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion was measured for 438 schoolchildren and 403 pregnant women. In addition, in Isfahan City, thyroid volume was measured by sonography for 30 pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy and for 90 non-pregnant women who also had urinary iodine measurement. Results: Median urinary iodine of schoolchildren was 31.2, 25.0, 20.2 and 19.3 mg/dl in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. Corresponding values for pregnant women were 33.8, 21.2, 19.0 and 18.6 mg/dl. The percentage of pregnant women with urinary iodine below 20 mg/dl was 16, 45, 55 and 54, and below 10 mg/dl was 1, 7, 7 and 13, in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. In Isfahan, urinary iodine was significantly decreased in the third trimester of pregnancy, compared with controls. Mean thyroid volume was 7:8^3:1 ml and 7:8^2:8 ml in pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively. Conclusion: Recommended values for dietary iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant women, and the specific problem of iodine and pregnancy should be considered further in the light of the latest recommendations.

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“…This is a cross-sectional study carried out from November 1988 to March 1990 in five different cities in Denmark (14,24,30,31). As the time of study enrollment was before the mandatory Danish iodine fortification of salt introduced in the year 2000 (32), the population had in general mild (East Denmark) to moderate (West Denmark) iodine deficiency with the majority of the women under study living in an area of moderate iodine deficiency (78.6%).…”

Section: Study Design and Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroglobulin in smoking mothers and their newborns at delivery suggests autoregulation of placental iodide transport overcoming thiocyanate inhibition

Andersen

Nøhr

et al. 2013

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Background: Placental transport of iodide is required for fetal thyroid hormone production. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) mediates active iodide transport into the thyroid and the lactating mammary gland and is also present in placenta. NIS is competitively inhibited by thiocyanate from maternal smoking, but compensatory autoregulation of iodide transport differs between organs. The extent of autoregulation of placental iodide transport remains to be clarified. Objective: To compare the impact of maternal smoking on thyroglobulin (Tg) levels in maternal serum at delivery and in cord serum as markers of maternal and fetal iodine deficiency. Methods: One hundred and forty healthy, pregnant women admitted for delivery and their newborns were studied before the iodine fortification of salt in Denmark. Cotinine in urine and serum classified mothers as smokers (nZ50) or nonsmokers (nZ90). The pregnant women reported on intake of iodine-containing supplements during pregnancy and Tg in maternal serum at delivery and in cord serum were analyzed. Results: In a context of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, smoking mothers had significantly higher serum Tg than nonsmoking mothers (mean Tg smokers 40.2 vs nonsmokers 24.4 mg/l, PZ0.004) and so had their respective newborns (cord Tg 80.2 vs 52.4 mg/l, PZ0.006), but the ratio between Tg in cord serum and maternal serum was not significantly different in smokers compared with nonsmokers (smoking 2.06 vs nonsmoking 2.22, PZ0.69). Conclusion: Maternal smoking increased the degree of iodine deficiency in parallel in the mother and the fetus, as reflected by increased Tg levels. However, placental iodide transport seemed unaffected despite high thiocyanate levels, suggesting that thiocyanate-insensitive iodide transporters alternative to NIS are active or that NIS in the placenta is autoregulated to keep iodide transport unaltered.

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Iodine deficiency in pregnancy in Denmark

Cited by 39 publications

References 8 publications

Evaluation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to estimate iodine intake

Evaluation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to estimate iodine intake

Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

Thyroglobulin in smoking mothers and their newborns at delivery suggests autoregulation of placental iodide transport overcoming thiocyanate inhibition

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