Iodine Deficiency in a Study Population of Norwegian Pregnant Women—Results from the Little in Norway Study (LiN)

Dahl, Lisbeth; Markhus, Maria Wik; Sanchez, Perla Vanessa Roldan; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Meltzer, Helle Margrete; Kjellevold, Marian

doi:10.3390/nu10040513

Cited by 46 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…Our findings agree with the earlier studies since the use of iodine supplements was only confirmed by a minority (27.6%) of the enrolled pregnant population. Accordingly, this study reinforces the many calls for improving awareness regarding the importance of iodine intake from dietary and supplement sources during pregnancy [42][43][44][45]. Moreover, iodine insufficiency during pregnancy could precipitate maternal thyroid disorders alongside poor foetal neurodevelopment [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2020

Preprint

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Background: Despite the serious maternal and foetal complications associated with iodine deficiency during pregnancy, surveys related to pregnant women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, measured urine iodine concentrations (UIC) alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in reproductive age and pregnant Saudi women from the Western province of KSA. Methods: Spot urine samples were collected from 1222 pregnant and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/non-lactating reproductive age women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency in non-pregnant (100–199 μg/L) and pregnant (150–249 μg/L) women were applied. Results: The median UIC in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 69.83 – 143.55) was at the lowermost WHO recommended cut-off, whereas the pregnant group were iodine deficient (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 81.01 – 185.57). Moreover, the median UIC was below adequacy across the different trimesters. Multiparity (OR = 3.091; 95%CI: 1.707–5.598) and earning below the minimum wage (2.520; 95%CI: 1.038–6.119) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency only in the non-pregnant women. Passive smoking, however, was an independent risk factor for iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 1.818; 95%CI: 1.097–3.014) and pregnant (OR = 1.653; 95%CI: 1.043–2.618) groups. The use of non-iodised salt also significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 2.052; 95%CI: 1.118–3.766) and pregnant women (OR = 3.813; 95%CI: 1.992–7.297), whereas iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk in both groups (OR = 0.364; 95%CI: 0.172–0.771 and OR = 0.002; 95%CI: 0.001–0.005, respectively). Moreover, BMI correlated independently and significantly with median UIC in the non-pregnant in both study populations. Conclusions: This study is the first to show borderline iodine sufficiency in reproductive age Saudi women from the Western province, whereas mild iodine deficiency was observed in the pregnant population and could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous maternal-foetal health consequences of iodine deficiency.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2020

Preprint

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“…Iodine deficiency is one the main causes of impaired cognitive development in children [58]. In Norway [59,60] and other European countries [61], pregnant women have suboptimal iodine status, which may affect infant development [62][63][64]. Inadequate iodine intake was observed in various subgroups such as women at childbearing age, the elderly and vegans [65] and pregnant women [60,65].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesopelagic Species and Their Potential Contribution to Food and Feed Security—A Case Study from Norway

Alvheim

Kjellevold

Strand

et al. 2020

Foods

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The projected increase in global population will demand a major increase in global food production. There is a need for more biomass from the ocean as future food and feed, preferentially from lower trophic levels. In this study, we estimated the mesopelagic biomass in three Norwegian fjords. We analyzed the nutrient composition in six of the most abundant mesopelagic species and evaluated their potential contribution to food and feed security. The six species make up a large part of the mesopelagic biomass in deep Norwegian fjords. Several of the analyzed mesopelagic species, especially the fish species Benthosema glaciale and Maurolicus muelleri, were nutrient dense, containing a high level of vitamin A1, calcium, selenium, iodine, eicopentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and cetoleic acid. We were able to show that mesopelagic species, whose genus or family are found to be widespread and numerous around the globe, are nutrient dense sources of micronutrients and marine-based ingredients and may contribute significantly to global food and feed security.

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“…We found that iodine was the least covered nutrition topic, consistent with a review of online nutrition information for Australian pregnant women (Storr et al, ). Furthermore, iodine was not widely covered in the context of vegetarian and vegan diets that is of concern due to importance of iodine in fetal brain development (Zimmermann, ) and of emerging iodine deficiency in pregnancy (Dahl et al, ; Henjum et al, ; Snart et al, ). Only five apps included pregnancy‐related nutrition information for adolescents, a group who regularly use smartphones (Eurostat, ) and are more likely to consume poorer quality diets (Baker et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smartphone applications available to pregnant women in the United Kingdom: An assessment of nutritional information

Bland

Dalrymple

White

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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The importance of diet during pregnancy is critically important for the short‐ and long‐term health of both mother and child. The number of apps targeting pregnant women is rapidly increasing, yet the nutritional content of these tools remains largely unexplored. This review aimed to evaluate the coverage and content of nutrition information in smartphone apps available to U.K. pregnant women. Keyword searches were conducted in iTunes and Google Play stores in November 2018. Candidate apps were included if they targeted pregnant women, provided pregnancy‐specific nutritional information, had a user rating of at least 4+ based on at least 20 ratings, and were available in English. Nutritional content was assessed for accuracy against U.K. recommendations. Behaviour change techniques (BCTs) were also evaluated. Twenty‐nine apps were included, seven of which originated in the United Kingdom. There was a large variability in the quality of smartphone app nutritional information. The accuracy of nutrition information varied, and several apps conveyed inappropriate information for pregnancy. On average, 10 BCTs were identified per app (range 2–15). Overall, smartphone apps do not consistently provide accurate and useful nutritional information to pregnant women. This study highlights the need for the integration of evidence‐based nutritional information during app development and for increased regulatory oversight. App developers should also make it clear that nutritional content is intended for a specific geographical region or population or modify for the intended audience. These are important considerations for the design of future apps, which are increasingly used to complement existing maternity services.

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Iodine Deficiency in a Study Population of Norwegian Pregnant Women—Results from the Little in Norway Study (LiN)

Cited by 46 publications

References 38 publications

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Mesopelagic Species and Their Potential Contribution to Food and Feed Security—A Case Study from Norway

Smartphone applications available to pregnant women in the United Kingdom: An assessment of nutritional information

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