Iodine as an alleviator of bromine toxicity in thyroid, liver and kidney of broiler chickens

Abstract

The study pursued the hypothesis that bromine (Br) in drinking water at levels > 0.01 mg Br/L may have detrimental effects on the liver, kidneys and thyroid and the thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4 and that iodine (I) may alleviate the potential hazardous effect of Br. The research was done with mixed Ross broiler chickens over a 42-day post-hatch growth period. The trial design was six treatments, T1: 0 mg Br/L and 0 mg I/L; T2: 1 mg Br/L and 0 mg I/L; T3: 3 mg Br/L and 0 mg I/L; T4: 0 mg Br/L and 0.7 mg I/L; T5: 1 mg Br/L and 0.7 mg I/L; and T6: 3 mg Br/L and 0.7 mg I/L delivered via drinking water and three replicates per treatment with 30 birds per replicate. The effect of Br on T 3 and T 4 levels overall was nonsignificant, but T 3 and T 4 levels decreased between Weeks 4 and 6 with a significant effect at Week 6 on T 3 . Br had an overall effect on the thyroid gland (P = 0.0457), liver (P = 0.0025) and kidney (P = 0.0032), and had accumulated in these three organs. Histopathological assessment showed explicit damage to the livers that received the Br treatments. Iodine (0.07 mg/L) ameliorated the negative effects of high Br (3 mg/L Br) concentration and ingestion.

Survival and development of embryos of <i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i> treated with inorganic bromide

“…It appears from the results that a level of 0.01 mg/L Br is sufficiently stringent as a WQG level and concurs with the conclusion of du Toit & Casey (2012). In reality, the wide range and excessively high Br concentrations reported to occur naturally in groundwater indicate that many animals and humans are chronically exposed to Br concentrations exceeding the 0.01 mg/L WQG level.…”

“…Administered to broilers as NaBr at 1 and 3 mg/L in drinking water respectively, over a 42-day growth period, Br significantly decreased water and feed intakes (du Toit & Casey, 2010). Accumulation of Br occurred in the thyroid gland, liver and kidneys and although there was limited damage to thyroid and kidneys, explicit liver damage was reported in birds receiving higher Br concentrations in their drinking water (du Toit & Casey, 2012). The liver is a site of increasing concentrations of Br accumulation with increasing treatment levels of 0.005 and 0.1 mg/L (Mamabolo et al, 2009); and 0, 1 and 3 mg/L (du Toit .…”

Bromide: A potential risk to livestock production in South Africa

“…There is competition between Br and Cl in all organs -with the exception of the thyroid -where Br competes with I -. In the thyroid, Br is preferentially taken up to replace I -, thus disrupting the production of thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4 over longer periods of exposure in broilers (Du Toit & Casey, 2012). Compensatory action by the thyroid may induce hypothyroidism and Br toxicity, which are expressed as secondary I…”

The toxicokinetics of Bromine in the body of laying hens under conditions of subchronic administration of sodium bromide diet

“…Токсикокінетику Брому в організмі курей було визначено за його кількісним вмістом у відібраних органах та тканинах за допомогою рентгенофлуоресцентного аналізу (РФА) на рентгенофлуоресцентному спектрометрі «Спектроскан макс» [18].…”

“…Обговорення. Результати даного дослідження зі субхронічного надходження з кормом курям-несучкам натрію броміду підтверджують отримані раніше дані van [9] [19]. Вже на першому терміні дослідження вміст елементу вірогідно перевищував контрольний показник у пробах як «білого», так і «червоного» м'яса всіх дослідних груп.…”