Iodine—A Potential Antioxidant and the Role of Iodine/Iodide in Health and Disease

Winkler, Rudolf

doi:10.4236/ns.2015.712055

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Only certain cells, for example, breast cancer cells, can take up I 2 by facilitated diffusion. I 2 and iodide differ in their antioxidant properties; I 2 has a 10-fold greater antioxidant potential than ascorbic acid and 50-fold that of iodide ( 55 ). Common supplements contain either iodide alone or a mixture of I 2 and iodide.…”

Section: Factors Linked To Thyroid Autoimmunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases

2017

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Autoimmune diseases have a high prevalence in the population, and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most common representatives. Thyroid autoantibodies are not only frequently detected in patients with AITD but also in subjects without manifest thyroid dysfunction. The high prevalence raises questions regarding a potential role in extra-thyroidal diseases. This review summarizes the etiology and mechanism of AITD and addresses prevalence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), and anti-thyroglobulin and their action outside the thyroid. The main issues limiting the reliability of the conclusions drawn here include problems with different specificities and sensitivities of the antibody detection assays employed, as well as potential confounding effects of altered thyroid hormone levels, and lack of prospective studies. In addition to the well-known effects of TSHR antibodies on fibroblasts in Graves’ disease (GD), studies speculate on a role of anti-thyroid antibodies in cancer. All antibodies may have a tumor-promoting role in breast cancer carcinogenesis despite anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies having a positive prognostic effect in patients with overt disease. Cross-reactivity with lactoperoxidase leading to induction of chronic inflammation might promote breast cancer, while anti-thyroid antibodies in manifest breast cancer might be an indication for a more active immune system. A better general health condition in older women with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies might support this hypothesis. The different actions of the anti-thyroid antibodies correspond to differences in cellular location of the antigens, titers of the circulating antibodies, duration of antibody exposure, and immunological mechanisms in GD and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

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Section: Factors Linked To Thyroid Autoimmunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases

2017

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“…Cachexia is accompanied by loss of adipocytes and muscle tissue with chronic inflammation and increases in proinflammatory factors such as TNFα and IL-6 [28,29]. The prevention of weight loss in the I 2 -supplemented groups might be due to two conditions: first, the antineoplastic effect of I 2 that prevents tumor growth and decreases the tumor mass signaling; and second, a direct impact on chronic inflammation processes due to I 2 antioxidant action [9,30]. This effect also appears to be exercised in the prevention of bladder injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, it has been shown that the chemical form of I 2 has an in vitro reducing capacity (FRAP test) ten times greater than ascorbic acid and 60 times greater than potassium iodide [31]. In vivo studies showed that the iodine supplement decreases the oxidative potential in the serum of rodents and patients [30]. The administration of other antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, retinol, and resveratrol, improves oxidative stress by reducing ROS levels in bladder tissues generated by CFF treatment [32,33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Iodine/Cyclophosphamide Synergism on Chemoresistant Neuroblastoma Models

Álvarez-León

Mendieta

Delgado‐González

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Neuroblastoma (Nb), the most common extracranial tumor in children, exhibited remarkable phenotypic diversity and heterogeneous clinical behavior. Tumors with MYCN overexpression have a worse prognosis. MYCN promotes tumor progression by inducing cell proliferation, de-differentiation, and dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism. Cyclophosphamide (CFF) at minimum effective oral doses (metronomic therapy) exerts beneficial actions on chemoresistant cancers. Molecular iodine (I2) in coadministration with all-trans retinoic acid synergizes apoptosis and cell differentiation in Nb cells. This work analyzes the impact of I2 and CFF on the viability (culture) and tumor progression (xenografts) of Nb chemoresistant SK-N-BE(2) cells. Results showed that both molecules induce dose-response antiproliferative effects, and I2 increases the sensibility of Nb cells to CFF, triggering PPARγ expression and acting as a mitocan in mitochondrial metabolism. In vivo oral I2/metronomic CFF treatments showed significant inhibition in xenograft growth, decreasing proliferation (Survivin) and activating apoptosis signaling (P53, Bax/Bcl-2). In addition, I2 decreased the expression of master markers of malignancy (MYCN, TrkB), vasculature remodeling, and increased differentiation signaling (PPARγ and TrkA). Furthermore, I2 supplementation prevented loss of body weight and hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to CFF in nude mice. These results allow us to propose the I2 supplement in metronomic CFF treatments to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy and reduce side effects.

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“…It is believed that iodine may act as an antioxidant, antiproliferative and immunomodulating agent. Molecular iodine is a free radical scavenger which reduces ROS damage and lipid peroxidation in different species (Habibi et al., 2020; Miller & Heyland, 2013; Winkler, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic effect of iodised serum milk protein, lycopene and their combination on benign prostatic hyperplasia induced in rats

et al. 2021

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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common chronic disease in ageing men. Synthetic inhibitors of 5α‐reductase commonly used in BPH treatment have limited effectiveness and may cause side effects. Evaluation of iodised serum milk protein and lycopene therapeutic effect in rat BPH model was the aim of the present study. BPH was induced in male Wistar rats by surgical castration and subsequent testosterone administrations (25 mg/kg, 7 injections). Rats with induced BPH received lycopene (5 mg/kg), iodised serum milk protein (200 µg/kg) or their combination for 1 month daily. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by the prostate weight, prostatic index and ventral lobe epithelium thickness. In lycopene and iodised serum milk protein‐treated rats, prostate weight and prostatic index were significantly reduced compared to control group; and lycopene and iodised serum milk protein used in combination yielded an additive effect. Thus, further investigation of combined supplementation with micronutrients and plant‐derived substances in BPH models may help to find new opportunities or its safe and effective treatment.

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Iodine—A Potential Antioxidant and the Role of Iodine/Iodide in Health and Disease

Cited by 17 publications

References 37 publications

Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases

Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases

Molecular Iodine/Cyclophosphamide Synergism on Chemoresistant Neuroblastoma Models

Therapeutic effect of iodised serum milk protein, lycopene and their combination on benign prostatic hyperplasia induced in rats

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