“…Downstream signals such as eNOS-mediated NO release, cGMP production by guanylate cyclase, and PKG activation have also been implicated (Yuan et al , 1992; Yuan et al , 1993b; Wu et al , 1996; Varma et al , 2002; Breslin et al , 2003; Sanchez et al , 2006; Durán et al , 2008; Sánchez et al , 2009; Duran et al , 2010; Sánchez et al , 2011). Other notable signaling pathways that contribute to microvascular hyperpermeability include activation of Src (Eliceiri et al , 1999; Kevil et al , 2001; Paul et al , 2001; Tinsley et al , 2002) and the MAP kinase cascades including ERK-1/2 and p38 MAP kinase (Kevil et al , 1998; Kevil et al , 2000; Verin et al , 2000; Becker et al , 2001; Lal et al , 2001; Garcia et al , 2002; Nwariaku et al , 2002; Varma et al , 2002; Breslin et al , 2003; Aramoto et al , 2004; Wu et al , 2005; Yu et al , 2005a; Adderley et al , 2015a; Adderley et al , 2015b). Additional signaling molecules that more directly impact the activity and conformation of the actin cytoskeleton have also been shown to have importance.…”