Involvement of T-Helper 9 Activation in a Mouse Model of Allergic Rhinitis

Abstract

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the role of T-Helper (TH) 9 cells in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) in mice.Material/MethodsAn AR model was produced in BALB/c mice, and the viral encoding interleukin (IL)-9 silencing sequence was used to reduce IL-9 expression. The experiment was divided into a control group, an AR group, an IL-9 shRNA+AR group, and a vector+AR group. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect pathological changes. The cytokine expression was detected by ELISA method. Cellular typing was detected by flow cytometry.ResultsCells in the control group were regularly arranged, with clear layers and no congestion, edema, or necrosis observable. By contrast, in the AR model group and the vector treatment group, nasal mucosa showed clear hyperemia and edema in upper tissues and infiltration of inflammatory cells, which were ameliorated by IL-9 silencing. Compared with the control group, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly down-regulated, while IL-4, IL-17, and IL-9 were significantly elevated in the AR model group. TH1 cells in nasal mucosa, lymph, nasal lavage, spleen, and peripheral blood were significantly reduced, while TH2, TH9, TH17, and Treg cells were significantly elevated in the AR group compared with the control group. Importantly, all these changes in AR model were ameliorated by IL-9 silencing.ConclusionsAR is related to the changes of cytokines in TH1, TH2, TH9, TH17, and Treg, which are improved by IL-9 silencing. Activation of TH9 cells is involved in the pathogenesis of AR.

Treatment effects on IL‐9+CD4+ T cells and the cytokines influencing IL‐9 production in paediatric visceral leishmaniasis

“…Collectively, as shown in Figure 1, various cytokines are involved in the differentiation of IL‐9+CD4+ T cells as well as IL‐9 secretion. Although the role of IL‐9+CD4+ T cells and its prominent cytokine, IL‐9, has been clarified in the autoimmune diseases, 11 allergic diseases 12,13 and tumours, 14 limited studies have investigated its role in the infectious diseases. Leishmaniasis, as an infectious disease, is caused by obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania (L) .…”

T Helper 9 Cells: A New Player in Immune-Related Diseases

“…Such as Schwartz et al (2019) found that the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, could inhibit Th9 differentiation, which was associated with human allergic inflammation. Therefore, immunotherapy against Th9 cells and its functional factor IL-9 may be one of the new treatment strategies for allergic inflammatory diseases (Dugas et al , 1993; Hoppenot et al , 2015; Reuter et al , 2016; Gu et al , Cao and 2017; Koch et al , 2017; Jiang et al , 2018).…”

Th9/IL‐9 may participate in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma

“…Many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are impacted by the cytokine network, with IL‐9 being a crucial component 9–11 . There has been a rise in many studies indicating that IL‐9 can be both a negative and positive regulator of tumorigenesis.…”

“…8 Many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are impacted by the cytokine network, with IL-9 being a crucial component. [9][10][11] There has been a rise in many studies indicating that IL-9 can be both a negative and positive regulator of tumorigenesis. It exerts different immunoregulatory functions in different tumor microenvironments (including melanoma, small-cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, etc.).…”