Involvement of Phytophthora species in the decline of European beech in Europe and the USA

Jung, T.; Hudler, George W.; Jensen-Tracy, S.; Griffiths, Helen; Fleischmann, F.; Oßwald, Wolfgang

doi:10.1017/s0269915x05004052

Cited by 98 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Island lesions were often observed in striking linear arrays, especially on stems of beech and oak infected with P. citricola, P. cambivora or P. kernoviae. Sometimes this linear sequence occurred from near ground level to 10 or 15 m up the tree (see also Jung et al, 2005). In addition, linear connections between adjacent phloem island lesions were often observed in the underlying xylem, usually in the form of narrow strips of discoloration, streaking or pitting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Colonization of tree xylem by Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora species

Brown

Brasier

2007

Plant Pathology

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The aetiology and frequency of Phytophthora spp. in discoloured xylem tissue beneath phloem lesions was investigated in a range of broadleaved trees infected with P. ramorum, P. kernoviae, P. cambivora, P. citricola and other species. Isolation was attempted from the inner surface of 81 sterilized discoloured wood panels (6 × 4 cm) from 53 trees. Discolouration mostly extended 1-5 mm into the xylem (75%), but incursions of 6 -10 mm (10%) and 10 -25 mm (15%) were frequent. Of the wood panels, 81% yielded Phytophthora spp. In 66 cases, both a wood panel and an overlying phloem panel were sampled. In 56% of these, a Phytophthora sp. was isolated from both the wood and the phloem panel. In 23% the Phytophthora sp. was isolated from the wood panel only and in 8% from the phloem panel only. Small 'island' phloem lesions, often in linear arrays adjacent to main lesions, were a common feature of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp. trees infected with P. ramorum or P. kernoviae . Island lesions were often connected by underlying strips or intermittent pits of discoloured xylem in line with the wood grain. Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora spp. were successfully isolated from these connecting xylem features with P. ramorum and P. kernoviae also recovered from discoloured tissue 5-25 mm below exposed xylem surfaces 24-27 months after the overlying phloem was removed. These results show that these pathogens commonly occupy xylem beneath phloem lesions; that they can perennate in xylem tissue; that they can spread in xylem tissue ahead of phloem lesions; and indicate that they may initiate new phloem lesions in this way. Such colonization must lead to at least local xylem dysfunction. It is recommended that, if xylem discoloration is present, isolation of the Phytophthora sp. should be attempted from the xylem as well as the bark; also, that removal of infected outer sapwood should be undertaken during excision of bleeding lesions for disease control and in protocols aimed at preventing national or international spread of these tree stem pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Colonization of tree xylem by Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora species

Brown

Brasier

2007

Plant Pathology

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“…The pathogen was successfully reisolated from plants showing symptoms. The control plants inoculated in the same way with sterile agar plugs remained healthy.Phytophthora cactorum is well known pathogen of beech and horse chestnut (Brasier & Strouts, 1976;Jung et al ., 2005), but not reported on any poplar species. This is the first report of P. cactorum causing bleeding canker of common beech and horse chestnut in the Czech Republic and the first record of it on white poplar.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytophthora cactorum causing bleeding canker of common beech, horse chestnut, and white poplar in the Czech Republic

et al. 2009

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In 2007, declining mature trees of common beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), horse chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum ), and white poplar ( Populus alba ) with bleeding cankers were found in several locations in the Central Bohemia region. The morphological and cultural characteristics of isolates from diseased tissues were consistent with those of Phytophthora cactorum (Erwin & Ribeiro, 1996). The colonies were stellate to rosaceous, appressed with slight aerial mycelium on V8 agar. Radial growth was 8-14 mm day -1 at 20 ° C. Optimum growth temperature was 23-25 ° C, minimum 3-8 ° C and maximum 30-33 ° C. Strains were homothallic, produced abundant terminal, smooth-walled, spherical oogonia (20 -35 μ m in diameter). Oospores were plerotic or nearly plerotic, 22-31 μ m in diameter and the oospore wall 1·0-2·2 μ m thick. Antheridia were para-gynous, but amphigynous antheridia also occurred in up to a quarter of cases. Sporangiophores were sympodial, sporangia ellipsoidal, ovoid to subglobose, papillate and measured 17-38 × 14-30 μ m (L:B ratio 1·05-1·80).Comparison of DNA sequences of ITS region of representative isolates from all hosts (GenBank Acc. Nos. EU562207-EU562209) gave 99% identity to P. cactorum . Isolates were deposited at Culture Collection of Fungi, Prague under CCF Nos. 3757, 3758, 3762.The pathogenicity was tested using 20, 1-year-old saplings of all three hosts. Wounds (5 mm diam.) on stems of ten saplings of each host were artificially inoculated by plugs of V8 agar from the actively growing colony margins of isolates and the wounds were sealed by Parafilm. The characteristic stem necroses developed after 1-2 weeks on all plants. Stems of many beech and horse chestnut saplings were girdled in 2 to 3 months and in c . 33% of poplars, with the majority of poplar saplings forming callus and surviving the infection. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from plants showing symptoms. The control plants inoculated in the same way with sterile agar plugs remained healthy.Phytophthora cactorum is well known pathogen of beech and horse chestnut (Brasier & Strouts, 1976;Jung et al ., 2005), but not reported on any poplar species. This is the first report of P. cactorum causing bleeding canker of common beech and horse chestnut in the Czech Republic and the first record of it on white poplar. Acknowledgement

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“…This is in contrast to the fact that some other Phytophthora spp. have been isolated from wood of infected trees using similar techniques , Hansen et al 2005, Jung et al 2005, Greslebin et al 2007, Greslebin and Hansen 2010. Some of these Phytophthora spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential ofPhytophthora pinifoliato spread via sawn green lumber: a preliminary investigation

Ahumada¹,

Rotella²,

Slippers³

et al. 2012

Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science

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Phytophthora pinifolia causes the needle and shoot disease of Pinus radiata in Chile known as Daño Foliar del Pino (DFP). Although P. pinifolia is primarily a needle pathogen, there are concerns that it might be spread to new environments via the export of contaminated timber. In order to determine whether P. pinifolia can enter or persist in green sawn lumber, its presence in lumber produced from trees exposed to the pathogen for at least four years was examined. Green lumber produced from the infected trees, and green wood samples artificially exposed to P. pinifolia inoculum, were analyzed by making extensive isolations on Phytophthora selective media. In addition, PCR was conducted using species-specific primers developed for P. pinifolia. Results of the study showed that the green sawn lumber taken from trees infected by P. pinifolia, or green lumber exposed in infected pine plantations, displayed no evidence of the pathogen surviving in this material.

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Involvement of Phytophthora species in the decline of European beech in Europe and the USA

Cited by 98 publications

References 17 publications

Colonization of tree xylem by Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora species

Colonization of tree xylem by Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora species

Phytophthora cactorum causing bleeding canker of common beech, horse chestnut, and white poplar in the Czech Republic

Potential ofPhytophthora pinifoliato spread via sawn green lumber: a preliminary investigation

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