Involvement of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the development of pollen in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.)

Kishitani, Sachie; Yomoda, Atsushi; Konno, Noboru; Tanaka, Yoshiyuki

doi:10.1007/bf00231901

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Fig. 1 for further Kehrel and Wiermann, 1985;Kishitani et al, 1993). Fully developed pollen of various species exhibits characteristic pigmentation patterns due to the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids Wiermann and Vieth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Situ Localization of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthetic mRNAs and Proteins in Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

Reinold¹,

Hahlbrock²

1997

Botanica Acta

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Using in situ RNA/RNA hybridization, enzyme immunolocalization, and histochemical techniques, several phenylpropanoid biosynthetic activities and products were localized in tissue sections from various aerial parts of parsley (Petroselinum crispurn) plants a t different developmental stages. The enzymes and corresponding mRNAs analyzed included two representatives of general phenylpropanoid metabolism: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate : CoA ligase (4CL). and one representative each from two distinct branch pathways: chalcone synthase (CHS; flavonoids) and S-adenosyl-Lmethionine : bergaptol 0-methyltransferase (BMT; furanocoumarins). In almost all cases, the relative timing of accumulation differed greatly for mRNA and protein and indicated short expression periods and short half-lives for all mRNAs as compared to the proteins. PAL and 4CL occurred almost ubiquitously in cell type-specific patterns. and their mRNAs and proteins were always coordinately expressed, whereas the cell type-specific localization of flavonoid and furanocoumarin biosynthetic activities was to a large extent mutually exclusive. However, the distribution patterns of CHS and BMT. when superimposed, closely matched those of PAL and 4CL in nearly all tissues analysed. suggesting that the flavonoid and furanocoumarin pathways together consituted a large majority of the total phenylpropanoid biosynthetic activity. Differential sites of synthesis and accumulation indicating intercellular translocation were observed both for flavonoids and for furanocoumarins in oil ducts and the surrounding tissue. The widespread occurrence of both classes of compounds, as well as selected, pathwayspecific mRNAs and enzymes, in many cell types of all parsley organs including various flower parts suggests additional functions beyond the previously established roles of flavonoids in UV protection and furanocoumarins in pathogen defence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1992: Taylor and Jorgensen. 1992; Kishitani et al, 1993: Matsuda et aL1996). Similar functional connections may exist in parsley.…”

Section: See Legend Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Localization of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthetic mRNAs and Proteins in Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

Reinold¹,

Hahlbrock²

1997

Botanica Acta

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“…Evidence supports the involvement of phenylpropanoids as components of sporopollenin (Guilford et al, 1988;Scott, 1994). In particular, high activity of chalcone synthase (CHS) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) have been correlated with pollen fertility (Kishitani et al, 1993;Taylor and Hepler, 1997;Atanassov et al, 1998). Downregulation of PAL and CHS enzymes using antisense RNA, results in complete male sterility due to abnormal pollen development (van der Meer et al, 1992;Matsuda et al, 1996).…”

Section: The Pollen Wallmentioning

confidence: 92%

The making of gametes in higher plants

Boavida¹,

Becker²,

Feijó³

2005

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

102

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Higher plants have evolved to be one of the predominant life forms on this planet. A great deal of this evolutionary success relies in a very short gametophytic phase which underlies the sexual reproduction cycle. Sexual plant reproduction takes place in special organs of the flower. In most species the processes of gametogenesis, pollination, syngamy and embryogenesis are sequentially coordinated to give rise to a functional seed in a matter of few weeks. Any of these processes is so intricately complex and precisely regulated that it becomes no wonder that each involves more specific genes and cellular processes than any other function in the plant life cycle. While variability generation -the evolutionary output of the sexual cycle -is the same as in any other Kingdom, plants do it using a completely original set of mechanisms, many of which are not yet comprehended. In this paper, we cover the fundamental features of male and female gametogenesis. While the physiological and cellular bases of these processes have been continuously described since the early nineteen century, recent usage of Arabidopsis and other species as central models has brought about a great deal of specific information regarding their genetic regulation. Transcriptomics has recently enlarged the repertoire and pollen became the first gametophyte to have a fully described transcriptome in plants. We thus place special emphasis on the way this newly accumulated genetic and transcriptional information impacts our current understanding of the mechanisms of gametogenesis. KEY WORDS: pollen, embryo sac, gametogenesis, microsporogenesis, macrosporogenesis The uniqueness of a life formOne of the most remarkable features of life on earth is diversity, a great deal of which is based on the evolutionary output of sexual reproduction. Unlike animals, in which the primordial germ line develops early during embryogenesis, higher plants alternate the growth of the diploid sporophyte organism with a highly reduced growth form on the plant life cycle, the haploid gametophyte. This is a well-suited strategy for selection because plants spend most of their life on the vegetative phase. The gametophytic stage also presents an opportunity for selection at the haploid level (Ottaviano et al., 1990).Plant cells don't move and positional information instead of lineage is the primary determinant of cell fate in plants. Meiosis triggers the separation between sporophytic and gametophytic generations involving various genes (Caryl et al., 2003). This spatial pleiotropy of the sexual organs has prompted evolution for the appearance of safety mechanisms to prevent the fusion of incompatible genomes while supporting genetic variability. In higher animals genetic mechanisms for sex determination establish striking developmental differences between males and feInt. J. Dev. Biol. 49: 595-614 (2005) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.052019lb males. In contrast, most higher plant species develop both male and female structures within the same flower, allowing selffertilizati...

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“…During Xower bud development, the PAL2 promoter was active right from the very early stage of the bud development to maturation, but the PAL1 promoter was only active in the matured buds (Ohl et al 1990). Previous Wndings showed that PAL was not just involved in the structural formation of Xower bud, but also important in Xoral organ specialisation such as in stimulating speciWc phenylpropanoid biosynthesis for the development of anther (Yang et al 2001) and fertile pollen grains (Kishitani et al 1993). The persistent expression of PAL2 showed during the Xower bud development indicates that the expression of PAL2 was associated with the structural development of the Xower bud.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The PAL2 promoter activities in relation to structural development and adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Wong

Namasivayam

Abdullah

2011

Planta

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Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plays a major role in plant growth, development and adaptation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the enzyme is encoded by four genes, namely PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, and PAL4 with PAL1 and PAL2 being closely related phylogenetically and functionally. PAL1 promoter activities are associated with plant development and are inducible by various stress agents. However, PAL2 promoter activities have not been functionally analysed. Here, we show that the PAL2 promoter activities are associated with the structural development of a plant and its organs. This function was inducible in an organ-specific manner by the avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (JL1065). The PAL2 promoter was active throughout the course of the plant development particularly in the root, rosette leaf, and inflorescence stem that provide the plant with structural support. In aerial organs, the levels of PAL2 promoter activities were negatively correlated with relative positions of the organs to the rosette leaves. The promoter was inducible in the root following an inoculation by JL1065 in the leaf suggesting PAL2 to be part of an induced defence system. Our results demonstrate how the PAL2 promoter activities are being coordinated and synchronised for the structural development of the plant and its organs based on the developmental programme. Under certain stress conditions the activity may be induced in favour of certain organs.

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Involvement of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the development of pollen in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.)

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

In Situ Localization of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthetic mRNAs and Proteins in Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

In Situ Localization of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthetic mRNAs and Proteins in Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

The making of gametes in higher plants

The PAL2 promoter activities in relation to structural development and adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana

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