“…These receptors can be activated by both endogenous ligand, ACh, and exogenous ligands, such as nicotine. ,, They are also involved in the regulation of processes like cell excitability, transmitter release, and neuronal integration by acetylcholine-mediated innervation, which contributes to their critical role in modulating a wide range of physiological processes, including pain, fatigue, cognition function, sleep, and arousal . nAChRs are critical in early pre- and perinatal circuit formation and age-related cell degeneration, making them an important target in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, PD, myasthenia gravis, and atherosclerosis. ,− …”