Muscle pain is a common condition in many diseases and is induced by muscle
overuse. Muscle overuse induces an increase in uric acid, which stimulates the
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR). This receptor
contains the pyrin domain NLRP-3 inflammasome which when activated, results in
the secretion of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β
(IL-1β). The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of
inflammasome activation via the elevation of uric acid level in nociception in a
mouse model of muscle pain. The right hind leg muscles of BALB/c mice were
stimulated electrically to induce excessive muscle contraction. The left hind
leg muscles were not stimulated as a control. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds,
levels of uric acid, IL-1β, and NLRP3, caspase-1 activity, and the number of
macrophages were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of xanthine oxidase
inhibitors, such as Brilliant Blue G, caspase-1 inhibitor, and clodronate
liposome, on pain were investigated. In the stimulated muscles, mechanical
withdrawal thresholds decreased, and the levels of uric acid, NLRP3, and IL-1β,
caspase-1 activity, and the number of macrophages increased compared to that in
the non-stimulated muscles. Administration of the inhibitors attenuated
hyperalgesia caused by excessive muscle contraction. These results suggested
that IL-1β secretion and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages produced
mechanical hyperalgesia by elevating uric acid level, and xanthine oxidase
inhibitors may potentially reduce over-exercised muscle pain.