Involvement of Myeloid Cells and Noncoding RNA in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Disease

Abstract

Significance: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially fatal condition, featuring the possibility of high-mortality rupture. To date, prophylactic surgery by means of open surgical repair or endovascular aortic repair at specific thresholds is considered standard therapy. Both surgical options hold different risk profiles of short-and long-term morbidity and mortality. Targeting early stages of AAA development to decelerate disease progression is desirable. Recent Advances: Understanding the pathomechanisms that initiate formation, maintain growth, and promote rupture of AAA is crucial to developing new medical therapeutic options. Inflammatory cells, in particular macrophages, have been investigated for their contribution to AAA disease for decades, whereas evidence on lymphocytes, mast cells, and neutrophils is sparse. Recently, there has been increasing interest in noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their involvement in disease development, including AAA. Critical Issues: The current evidence on myeloid cells and ncRNAs in AAA largely originates from small animal models, making clinical extrapolation difficult. Although it is feasible to collect surgical human AAA samples, these tissues reflect end-stage disease, preventing examination of critical mechanisms behind early AAA formation. Future Directions: Gaining more insight into how myeloid cells and ncRNAs contribute to AAA disease, particularly in early stages, might suggest nonsurgical AAA treatment options. The utilization of large animal models might be helpful in this context to help bridge translational results to humans. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.

Biomarkers in EndoVascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications

“…Some recent reviews summarized the impact of miRNA and long non coding RNA (lncRNA) in cellular processed involved in abdominal aortic aneurysm [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Although some lncRNAs have been described as dysregulated in models or human tissue of AAA, comparatively few studies exist to date that have established their functional roles in pathologic disease.…”

The Emerging Landscape of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Wilms Tumor

“…There are no clear and unified standards for the classification of LncRNAs. LncRNAs can be classified according to their relative positions to the coding genes and can thus be divided into five categories: sense lncRNAs: the transcription direction is the same as that of the neighboring mRNAs; antisense lncRNAs: the transcription direction is opposite to the transcription direction of the neighboring mRNAs; bidirectional lncRNAs, can be transcribed from the same and opposite directions as adjacent mRNAs at the same time; intergenic lncRNAs, produced by transcription between two genes; and intronic lncRNAs, produced by transcription from the intron region of genes ( 33 , 54 – 56 ). Furthermore, lncRNAs can be classified according to their respective role, which can be roughly divided into four categories: signal, decoy, guide, and scaffold molecules ( 32 , 57 – 64 ).…”

Unresolved Issues in RNA Therapeutics in Vascular Diseases With a Focus on Aneurysm Disease

“…In vivo and in vitro experiments additionally showed that Chi3l1 not only regulates cytokine synthesis and survival of macrophages but also promotes aortic smooth muscle cell migration and cytokine production, and stimulates adhesion molecule expression in vascular endothelial cells (145). A recent review focused on myeloic cells and aneurysm disease (146).…”