Involvement of Localized Cortical Microtubules in the Formation of a Modified Structure of Wood

Funada, Ryo; Miura, Hiroto; Shibagaki, Masayuki; Furusawa, Osamu; Miura, Tatsuhiko; Fukatsu, Eitaro; Kitin, Peter

doi:10.1007/pl00014016

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This hypothesis is widely supported on the basis of numerous observations of such parallelism including a number in developing wood fibres (Cronshaw, 1965 ;Robards & Kidwai, 1972 ;Barnett, 1981 ;Chaffey, Barnett & Barlow, 1997;Barnett, Chaffey & Barlow, 1998), tracheids (Abe et al, 1995 ;Funada et al, 2001) and vessel elements (Chaffey et al, 1997 ;Barnett et al, 1998).…”

Section: ( 5) Microfibril Angle and Wood Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Cellulose microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres

2004

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The term microfibril angle (MFA) in wood science refers to the angle between the direction of the helical windings of cellulose microfibrils in the secondary cell wall of fibres and tracheids and the long axis of cell. Technologically, it is usually applied to the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the S2 layer that makes up the greatest proportion of the wall thickness, since it is this which most affects the physical properties of wood. This review describes the organisation of the cellulose component of the secondary wall of fibres and tracheids and the various methods that have been used for the measurement of MFA. It considers the variation of MFA within the tree and the biological reason for the large differences found between juvenile (or core) wood and mature (or outer) wood. The ability of the tree to vary MFA in response to environmental stress, particularly in reaction wood, is also described. Differences in MFA have a profound effect on the properties of wood, in particular its stiffness. The large MFA in juvenile wood confers low stiffness and gives the sapling the flexibility it needs to survive high winds without breaking. It also means, however, that timber containing a high proportion of juvenile wood is unsuitable for use as high-grade structural timber. This fact has taken on increasing importance in view of the trend in forestry towards short rotation cropping of fast grown species. These trees at harvest may contain 50% or more of timber with low stiffness and therefore, low economic value. Although they are presently grown mainly for pulp, pressure for increased timber production means that ways will be sought to improve the quality of their timber by reducing juvenile wood MFA. The mechanism by which the orientation of microfibril deposition is controlled is still a matter of debate. However, the application of molecular techniques is likely to enable modification of this process. The extent to which these techniques should be used to improve timber quality by reducing MFA in juvenile wood is, however, uncertain, since care must be taken to avoid compromising the safety of the tree.

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Section: ( 5) Microfibril Angle and Wood Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Cellulose microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres

2004

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“…In the bordered pits of tracheids, the microtubules were found to accumulate along the edge of the pits in the secondary walls (Hogetsu, 1991;Uehara and Hogetsu, 1993;Chaffey et al, 1997Chaffey et al, , 1999Funada et al, 2001). Hogetsu (1991) hypothesized that these microtubules determined the boundary of the secondary walls by separating the plasma membrane into two domains: the domain under the secondary wall having a specialized affinity for some vesicles and able to activate the cellulose synthase complexes.…”

Section: Role Of Microtubules In Secondary Wall Thickeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Secondary Cell Wall Development by Cortical Microtubules during Tracheary Element Differentiation in Arabidopsis Cell Suspensions

Oda

Mimura²,

Hasezawa³

2005

Plant Physiology

144

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Cortical microtubules participate in the deposition of patterned secondary walls in tracheary element differentiation. In this study, we established a system to induce the differentiation of tracheary elements using a transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell suspension stably expressing a green fluorescent protein-tubulin fusion protein. Approximately 30% of the cells differentiated into tracheary elements 96 h after culture in auxin-free media containing 1 mM brassinolide. With this differentiation system, we have been able to time-sequentially elucidate microtubule arrangement during secondary wall thickening. The development of secondary walls could be followed in living cells by staining with fluorescein-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin, and the three-dimensional structures of the secondary walls could be simultaneously analyzed. A single microtubule bundle first appeared beneath the narrow secondary wall and then developed into two separate bundles locating along both sides of the developing secondary wall. Microtubule inhibitors affected secondary wall thickening, suggesting that the pair of microtubule bundles adjacent to the secondary wall played a crucial role in the regulation of secondary wall development.

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“…In fact, over four decades ago, the cortical microtubule was proposed to participate in patterned secondary cell wall development (Hepler and Newcomb 1964;Wooding and Northcote 1964). The dynamic rearrangement of cortical microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton have also been recognized in zinnia (Zinnia elegans) mesophyll cells differentiating into tracheary elements in vitro (Falconer and Seagull 1985a, b;Fukuda and Kobayashi 1989) and in differentiating secondary xylem cells in vivo (Chaffey et al 1997(Chaffey et al , 1999Funada et al 1997Funada et al , 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cytoskeletal organization during xylem cell differentiation

Oda

Hasezawa

2006

J Plant Res

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The water and mineral conductive tube, the xylem vessel and tracheid, is a highly conspicuous tissue due to its elaborately patterned secondary-wall deposition. One constituent of the xylem vessel and tracheid, the tracheary element, is an empty dead cell that develops secondary walls in the elaborate patterns. The wall pattern is appropriately regulated according to the developmental stage of the plant. The cytoskeleton is an essential component of this regulation. In fact, the cortical microtubule is well known to participate in patterned secondary cell wall formation. The dynamic rearrangement of the microtubules and actin filaments have also been recognized in the cultured cells differentiating into tracheary elements in vitro. There has recently been considerable progress in our understanding of the dynamics and regulation of cortical microtubules, and several plant microtubule associated proteins have been identified and characterized. The microtubules have been observed during tracheary element differentiation in living Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Based on this recently acquired information on the plant cytoskeleton and tracheary element differentiation, this review discusses the role of the cytoskeleton in secondary cell wall formation.

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Involvement of Localized Cortical Microtubules in the Formation of a Modified Structure of Wood

Cited by 28 publications

References 33 publications

Cellulose microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres

Cellulose microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres

Regulation of Secondary Cell Wall Development by Cortical Microtubules during Tracheary Element Differentiation in Arabidopsis Cell Suspensions

Cytoskeletal organization during xylem cell differentiation

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