Involvement of Inflammation and Its Resolution in Disease and Therapeutics

Abstract

Inflammation plays a critical role in the response to and survival from injuries and/or infections. It occurs in two phases: initiation and resolution; however, when these events do not resolve and persist over time, the inflammatory response becomes chronic, prompting diseases that affect several systems and organs, such as the vasculature and the skin. Here, we reviewed inflammation that occurs in selected infectious and sterile pathologies. Thus, the immune processes induced by bacterial sepsis as well as T. cruzi and SARS-CoV-2 infections are shown. In addition, vaccine adjuvants as well as atherosclerosis are revised as examples of sterile-mediated inflammation. An example of the consequences of a lack of inflammation resolution is given through the revision of wound healing and chronic wounds. Then, we revised the resolution of the latter through advanced therapies represented by cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches, showing how they contribute to control chronic inflammation and therefore wound healing. Finally, new pharmacological insights into the management of chronic inflammation addressing the resolution of inflammation based on pro-resolving mediators, such as lipoxin, maresin, and resolvins, examining their biosynthesis, biological properties, and pharmacokinetic and pharmaceuticals limitations, are given. We conclude that resolution pharmacology and advanced therapies are promising tools to restore the inflammation homeostasis.

Biological Effects of New Titanium Surface Coatings Based on Ionic Liquids and HMGB1: A Cellular and Molecular Characterization in Lewis Rats

“…However, considering that the pro-inflammatory CD86+ cells resolved for all samples except for Ti-IonL-DS at 14 days suggests that Ti-IonL-DS samples experienced chronic inflammation in response to the coating. This finding is in accordance with disproportionate inflammation in chronic wounds corresponding to an excess of immune cell infiltration, which prevents resolution …”

“…This finding is in accordance with disproportionate inflammation in chronic wounds corresponding to an excess of immune cell infiltration, which prevents resolution. 51 Quantities of HMGB1-positive cells resulted in similar trends for CD86+ cells at both 2 and 14 days (Figure 4). Increased HMGB1+ staining for HMGB1-coated samples (Ti-IonL-DS, Ti-IonL-FR, and Ti-IonL-3S) at 2 days could have been attributed to the exogenously administered HMGB1 being absorbed into the tissues.…”

The molecular profile of the inflammatory process differs among various neurodevelopmental disorders with or without cognitive component: A hypothesis of persistent systemic dysfunction and hyper-resolution

“…Based on our findings and those of others, we developed a theoretical model that proposes that alterations in function would not be associated exclusively with increased concentrations of proinflammatory molecules, but would be embedded in a complex dynamic of molecular adjustment in response to challenges, damage and sequelae ( Figure 5 ). The left panel of the graph shows a typical acute response starting from a point defined by individual conditions within homeostatic parameters ( 11 ). In the face of different challenges that provoke cellular stress, the pro-inflammatory response is activated, with subsequent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving responses seeking a return to homeostasis ( 12 ).…”

Possibility of averting cytokine storm in SARS-COV 2 patients using specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators

“…It involves a cascade of complex events wherein several cellular and chemical mediators like immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines, eicosanoids, vasoactive peptides and amines, are involved to help in tissue repair and initiate tissue hemostasis [12] .Consequently, the acute inflammatory response can be classified into two typical phases: initiation and the resolution, however a third phase known as “ post resolution ” phase is revealed recently. [13] .…”