Involvement of Host Non-Coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of the Influenza Virus

Abstract

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a new type of regulators that play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. ncRNAs, including small non-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNAs, small interfering RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are pervasively transcribed in human and mammalian cells. Recently, it has been recognized that these ncRNAs are critically implicated in the virus–host interaction as key regulators of transcription or post-transcription during viral infection. Influenza A virus (IAV) is still a major threat to human health. Hundreds of ncRNAs are differentially expressed in response to infection with IAV, such as infection by pandemic H1N1 and highly pathogenic avian strains. There is increasing evidence demonstrating functional involvement of these regulatory microRNAs, vault RNAs (vtRNAs) and lncRNAs in pathogenesis of influenza virus, including a variety of host immune responses. For example, it has been shown that ncRNAs regulate activation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-associated signaling and transcription factors (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB), as well as production of interferons (IFNs) and cytokines, and expression of critical IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The vital functions of IAV-regulated ncRNAs either to against defend viral invasion or to promote progeny viron production are summarized in this review. In addition, we also highlight the potentials of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Ethiopian indigenous chickens from low and high altitudes under heat stress condition reveals differential immune response

“…), and cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 ( CMPK2 ), involved in terminal differentiation of monocytic cells and regulation of immune response to various virus infections (Ma et al . ; Zhang & Cao ; Zhang et al . )—to be significantly differentially expressed between heart and breast muscle and between heart and spleen respectively.…”

Identification of lncRNA‐155 encoded by MIR155HG as a novel regulator of innate immunity against influenza A virus infection

“…Recently, an increasing number of lncRNAs have been reported to play roles in innate immune response to virus infections (Ma et al, 2016;Ouyang et al, 2016). Previous studies have implicated miR-155 in host immunity against viral infections and regulation of type I IFN signalling (Harrison et al, 2017;Thounaojam et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2018;Wang, Hou, et al, 2010;Zhou et al, 2010).…”

“…ncRNAs include various categories of RNAs, among them, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the most substantial ncRNAs regulating the immune response to viral infection Li et al, 2015;Maarouf, Rai, Goraya, & Chen, 2018;Ouyang et al, 2014;Ouyang, Hu, & Chen, 2016). IAV is reported to induce or suppress expression of numerous lncRNAs (Ma, Ouyang, Wei, Maarouf, & Chen, 2016;Ouyang et al, 2016).…”

Effect of eleutheroside B1 on non‑coding RNAs and protein profiles of influenza A virus‑infected A549 cells

“…It has also been recognized that some ncRNAs are critically involved in the virus-host interaction as key regulators of transcription or post-transcription during viral infection. There is increasing evidence to indicate the functional involvement of these regulatory miRNAs, vault complex-associated RNAs (vtRNAs) and lncRNAs in influenza virus replication (21,22). For example, some studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs can regulate the activation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-associated signaling and transcription factors, as well as the production of interferons (IFNs) and the expression of critical IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (23,24).…”