Involvement of glutathione peroxidases in the occurrence and development of breast cancers

Abstract

Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) belong to a family of enzymes that is important in organisms; these enzymes promote hydrogen peroxide metabolism and protect cell membrane structure and function from oxidative damage. Based on the establishment and development of the theory of the pathological roles of free radicals, the role of GPxs has gradually attracted researchers' attention, and the involvement of GPxs in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors has been shown. On the other hand, the incidence of breast cancer in increasing, and breast cancer has become the leading cause of cancer-related death in females worldwide; breast cancer is thought to be related to the increased production of reactive oxygen species, indicating the involvement of GPxs in these processes. Therefore, this article focused on the molecular mechanism and function of GPxs in the occurrence and development of breast cancer to understand their role in breast cancer and to provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of breast cancer.

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“…The GPX family is divided into two groups, selenocysteine GPxs (GPX1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) and cysteine GPXs (GPX5, 7, and 8), based on their catalytic center’s amino acid tetrad [ 7 ]. Despite their antioxidation, GPXs are proved to be critical for the development of cancers [ 8 ]. For instance, GPX1 is regarded as a potential biomarker for kidney cancer treatment and diagnosis and its high expression promotes the disease’s progression [ 9 ].…”

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“…Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide can then diffuse to the cytosol and the nucleus and react with other free radical species, alter signaling pathways or cause cellular damage. Along with other free radical species, superoxide has been found to mediate the development and/or survival of cancer cells and tumors, both in vivo and in vitro [24][25][26]. While hypoxia-regulated processes can result in the bad prognosis of conventional chemotherapy it is essential to monitor and control the cellular microenvironment.…”

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“…The effect of gymnastic exercises for the spine and jogging on blood pressure also confirms the existence of a neural component of hypertension. All these methods can be recommended as preventive and rehabilitative measures to combat arterial hypertension [11,12].…”

“…Следует отметить, что с возрастанием степени средней дисперсности алюминиевых порошков ПА-1<(ПА-1+ПА-2)<ПА-2 на дифрактограммах образцов А1/А12О3, полученных на их основе, наряду с рефлексами от фазы γ-А12О3 проявляется с возрастающей интенсивностью линия (d/n=1,95Å ), характерная для хорошо окристаллизованного бёмита [11], отсутствующая в спектре образца композита, полученного с использованием грубодисперсного порошка ПА-1 (табл.1).…”

“…However, the buffer capacity of the antioxidant system under normal conditions is quite large and is provided by various components. An important role among the antioxidant system of the cell is occupied by the glutathione system which consists of both enzymatic (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase) and non-enzymatic (reduced glutathione) components [5,[9][10][11]. Although the glutathione system has been the the subject of many studies there is no consensus in the literature regarding to its role in malignant growth.…”