Involvement of Branched Units at Position 6 in the Reactivity of a Unique Variety of β-<scp>D</scp>-Glucan from<i>Aureobasidium pullulans</i>to Antibodies in Human Sera

Tada, Rui; Tanioka, Asuka; Ishibashi, Keiichiro; Adachi, Yoshiyuki; Tsubaki, Kazufumi; Ohno, Naohito

doi:10.1271/bbb.80860

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…(9,10) We also revealed that AP-FBG could induce the production of cytokines in a splenocyte culture system derived from DBA/2 mice, which are highly sensitive to β-d-glucan. (11)(12)(13)(14)(15) However, the mechanism(s) by which AP-FBG, which possesses a characteristic high 6-branching structural feature, induced the production of cytokines by immune cells has not been determined.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 80%

Granulocyte macrophage colony–stimulating factor is required for cytokine induction by a highly 6-branched 1,3-β-d-glucan fromAureobasidium pullulansin mouse-derived splenocytes

Tada¹,

Yoshikawa²,

Kuge³

et al. 2010

Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology

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We have previously obtained and elucidated the precise structure of a highly branched 1,3-β-D-glucan (with 6-monoglucopyranosyl side chains), Aureobasidium pullulans-fermented β-D-glucan (AP-FBG), from the fungus A. pullulans. However, the mechanism(s) of the effects of AP-FBG on in vitro mouse primary cells have not been analyzed in detail. Herein, we report that the induction of cytokines by AP-FBG was dependent on the existence of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); this is similar way to be a typical 1,3-β-D-glucan from Sparassis crispa (SCG), which is a 1,3-β-D-glucopyranosyl backbone with single 1,6-β-D-glucopyranosyl side branching units every three residues. In other words, the production of cytokines in DBA/2-mouse-derived splenocytes by AP-FBG was completely hampered by an anti-GM-CSF neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous GM-CSF to C57BL/6-derived splenocytes, which are less sensitive to AP-FBG, induced the production of cytokines by AP-FBG. Therefore, GM-CSF is indispensable for the induction of cytokines by AP-FBG in mouse-derived splenocytes. This finding has provided a new insight into our understanding of the actions of β-D-glucan but will also aid in the design and development of more effective β-D-glucan agents.

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Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 80%

Granulocyte macrophage colony–stimulating factor is required for cytokine induction by a highly 6-branched 1,3-β-d-glucan fromAureobasidium pullulansin mouse-derived splenocytes

Tada¹,

Yoshikawa²,

Kuge³

et al. 2010

Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology

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“…A. pullulans is well known for its production of pullulan, a neutral polysaccharide of repeating maltotriose units, which has numerous applications in medicine, pharmacy, the food industry, and other fields [2, 3]. A. pullulans also produces a β-glucan that shows high reactivity to human IgG antibodies [4] and possible beneficial immunomodulatory effects [5]. A. pullulans has an unusually large spectrum of extracellular enzymatic activities [6, 7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequencing of four Aureobasidium pullulans varieties: biotechnological potential, stress tolerance, and description of new species

et al. 2014

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BackgroundAureobasidium pullulans is a black-yeast-like fungus used for production of the polysaccharide pullulan and the antimycotic aureobasidin A, and as a biocontrol agent in agriculture. It can cause opportunistic human infections, and it inhabits various extreme environments. To promote the understanding of these traits, we performed de-novo genome sequencing of the four varieties of A. pullulans.ResultsThe 25.43-29.62 Mb genomes of these four varieties of A. pullulans encode between 10266 and 11866 predicted proteins. Their genomes encode most of the enzyme families involved in degradation of plant material and many sugar transporters, and they have genes possibly associated with degradation of plastic and aromatic compounds. Proteins believed to be involved in the synthesis of pullulan and siderophores, but not of aureobasidin A, are predicted. Putative stress-tolerance genes include several aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins, large numbers of alkali-metal cation transporters, genes for the synthesis of compatible solutes and melanin, all of the components of the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, and bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins. All of these genomes contain a homothallic mating-type locus.ConclusionsThe differences between these four varieties of A. pullulans are large enough to justify their redefinition as separate species: A. pullulans, A. melanogenum, A. subglaciale and A. namibiae. The redundancy observed in several gene families can be linked to the nutritional versatility of these species and their particular stress tolerance. The availability of the genome sequences of the four Aureobasidium species should improve their biotechnological exploitation and promote our understanding of their stress-tolerance mechanisms, diverse lifestyles, and pathogenic potential.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-549) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The β-(1,3)-glucans are well-known pro-inflammatory agents [13,14] and innate immune responses can be induced through binding to monocytes or macrophages via the receptor dectin-1 [15] or complement receptor 3 (CR3) [16]. Adaptive immune responses to β-glucan have received much less attention, but anti-β-(1,3)-glucan antibodies have previously been reported [17,18] and their measurement has been suggested useful for the diagnosis of candidiasis [19]. Recently Chiani et al [20] reported high anti-β-glucan IgG levels in human sera, in a study on the use of β-glucans in vaccines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IgG to Various Beta-Glucans in a Human Adult Population

Noss¹,

Wouters²,

Smit³

et al. 2011

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Background: Fungal β-(1,3)-glucans are pro-inflammatory agents, and exposures to β-(1,3)-glucans are associated with respiratory tract symptoms. IgG anti-(1,3)-glucan titers are measured in diagnosis of fungal infections. Although other β-glucan structures exist, like β-(1,6)-glucans, little is known about their antigenic or pro-inflammatory properties. We aimed to investigate IgG titers and specificities in human sera against different β-glucans with varying structures. Methods: IgG anti-β-glucan was measured by enzyme immunoassay in a random sample of 40 sera from healthy adults, with a panel of 8 differently structured glucans. In a subsequent larger series, IgG anti-β-(1,6)-glucan was measured in a random sample of 667 sera from three occupational populations with different organic dust exposures. Possible determinants of IgG anti-β-(1,6)-glucan titers were explored with linear-regression analysis. Results: We found wide variation in anti-β-glucan IgG levels. The highest titers were found for pure β-(1,6)-glucan pustulan. Moderate to strong reactions with other β-(1,6)-containing structures appeared to be due to cross-reacting anti-β-(1,6)-glucan antibodies. Surprisingly, the mean IgG anti-β-(1,6)-glucan titer was significantly lower in agricultural workers – with highest organic dust exposure – than in spray painters and bakery workers. Smoking status was associated with lower IgG anti-β-(1,6)-glucan titers in all populations. Conclusions: IgG to β-(1,3)- and β-(1,6)-glucans can be found in normal human sera. β-(1,6)-glucans appear to be much more potent antigens. The health impact of high anti-β-(1,6)-glucan antibody levels remains unclear and further investigations are needed.

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Involvement of Branched Units at Position 6 in the Reactivity of a Unique Variety of β-D-Glucan fromAureobasidium pullulansto Antibodies in Human Sera

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Granulocyte macrophage colony–stimulating factor is required for cytokine induction by a highly 6-branched 1,3-β-d-glucan fromAureobasidium pullulansin mouse-derived splenocytes

Granulocyte macrophage colony–stimulating factor is required for cytokine induction by a highly 6-branched 1,3-β-d-glucan fromAureobasidium pullulansin mouse-derived splenocytes

Genome sequencing of four Aureobasidium pullulans varieties: biotechnological potential, stress tolerance, and description of new species

IgG to Various Beta-Glucans in a Human Adult Population

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