“…The amount of ATP released from osteoblasts depends on their differentiation state, with mature, bone-forming cells releasing up to seven-fold more than immature, proliferating cells (Orriss et al, 2009). Several studies have demonstrated enhanced ATP release in response to different external stimuli including hypoxia (Orriss et al, 2009), mechanical stress (Hecht et al, 2013), fluid flow (Genetos et al, 2005;Romanello et al, 2005), vitamin D (Biswas et al, 2009) and ultrasound (Alvarenga et al, 2010;Hayton et al, 2005). A recent investigation examined the effect of different forms of mechanical stimulation on ATP release from human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells, including turbulent fluid flow, laminar fluid flow, substrate strain and 3D compressive loading (Rumney et al, 2012).…”