Invited review: Development of acid-base regulation in vertebrates

Burggren, Warren W.; Bautista, Naim M.

doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.018

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 203 publications

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“…Buffering action is the first of the lines of defense against a change in pH. 21 In our study, we saw a decrease in the plasma [HCO 3 – ] after Cytoreg treatment, in agreement with the observed decrease in pH from its initial level (7.45) to 7.25 1 hour later. These results demonstrate the expected “bicarbonate buffer” compensation for the change in [H + ] as the first line of defense against a change in pH.…”

Section: R Esultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of an ionic antineoplastic agent Cytoreg on blood chemistry in a Wistar rat model

et al. 2022

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Cytoreg is an ionic therapeutic agent comprising a mixture of hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrofluoric, oxalic, and citric acids. In diluted form, it has demonstrated efficacy against human cancers in vitro and in vivo . Although Cytoreg is well tolerated in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs by oral and intravenous administration, its mechanism of action is not documented. The acidic nature of Cytoreg could potentially disrupt the pH and levels of ions and dissolved gases in the blood. Here, we report the effects of the intravenous administration of Cytoreg on the arterial pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures, and bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations. Our results demonstrate that Cytoreg does not disturb the normal blood pH, ion levels, or carbon dioxide content, but increases oxygen levels in rats. These data are consistent with the excellent tolerability of intravenous Cytoreg observed in rabbits, and dogs. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of the Andes, Venezuela (CEBIOULA) (approval No. 125) on November 3, 2019.

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Section: R Esultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of an ionic antineoplastic agent Cytoreg on blood chemistry in a Wistar rat model

et al. 2022

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“…PCO 2 is of particular importance for this process because it is diffusible, and complex organisms can regulate extracellular PCO 2 . This is not the case in single cells and primitive organisms in which the PCO 2 around them is determined by the environment (Burggren and Bautista 2019;Heisler 1984); in contrast, they do not have large fluctuations in metabolic activity and the accompanying PCO 2 production that occurs in aerobically active organisms.…”

Section: General Schema For the Regulation Of Intracellular [H + ]mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…[H + ] is maintained between 6 and 16 Â 10 -8 mol/L (pH 6.8-7.2) in almost all cells throughout the animal kingdom, from the eggs of sea urchins to the cytoplasm of human cells (Boron 2004;Burggren and Bautista 2019;Janis et al 2020;Putnam 1998;Roos and Boron 1981). Even most bacteria regulate cytoplasmic pH in the 6.5 to 7.0 range (Booth 1985).…”

Section: Importance Of Hydrogen Ionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracellular pH regulation and the acid delusion

Magder

Samoukovic

2021

Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.

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The concentration H+ ([H+]) in intracellular fluid (ICF) must be maintained in a narrow range in all species for normal protein functions. Thus, mechanisms regulating ICF are of fundamental biological importance. Studies on the regulation of ICF [H+] have been hampered by use of pH notation,failure to consider the roles played by differences in the concentration of strong ions ( SID), the conservation of mass, the principle of electrical neutrality and that [H+] and [HCO3-] are dependent variables. This argument is based on the late Peter Stewart’s physical- chemical analysis of [H+] regulation reported in this journal nearly forty years ago. We start by outlining the principles of Stewart’s analysis and then provide a general understanding of its significance for regulation of ICF [H+]. The system may initially appear complex, but it becomes evident that changes in SID dominanate regulation of [H+]. The primary strong ions are Na+, K+ and Cl-, and a few organic strong anions. The second independent variable, PCO2, can easily be assessed. The third independent variable, the activity of intracellular weak acids ([Atot]), is much more complex but largely plays a modifying role. Attention to these principles potentially will provide new insights into ICF pH regulation.

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“…Fixation of intracapsular carbon dioxide by amphibian embryos may be important for the localized pH regulation by specific cell populations. The bicarbonate buffering system is of critical importance to acidbase regulation in multiple physiological systems and is largely regulated by the dissociation of carbon dioxide in water, which lowers pH (Burggren and Bautista, 2019). Heterotropic fixation of carbon dioxide may help raise pH in specific tissue and cell populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterotrophic Carbon Fixation in a Salamander-Alga Symbiosis

Burns

Kerney

Duhamel

2020

Preprint

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The unique symbiosis between a vertebrate salamander, Ambystoma maculatum, and unicellular green alga, Oophila amblystomatis, involves multiple modes of interaction. These include an ectosymbiotic interaction where the alga colonizes the egg capsule, and an intracellular interaction where the alga enters tissues and cells of the salamander. One common interaction in mutualist photosymbioses is the transfer of photosynthate from the algal symbiont to the host animal. In the A. maculatum-O. amblystomatis interaction, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether the algae in the egg capsule transfer chemical energy captured during photosynthesis to the developing salamander embryo. In experiments where we took care to separate the carbon fixation contributions of the salamander embryo and algal symbionts, we show that inorganic carbon fixed by A. maculatum embryos reaches 2% of the inorganic carbon fixed by O. amblystomatis algae within an egg capsule after 2 hours in the light. After 2 hours in the dark, inorganic carbon fixed by A. maculatum embryos is 800% of the carbon fixed by O. amblystomatis algae within an egg capsule. Using photosynthesis inhibitors we show that A. maculatum embryos and O. amblystomatis algae compete for available inorganic carbon within the egg capsule environment. Our results confirm earlier studies suggesting a role of heterotrophic carbon fixation during vertebrate embryonic development. Our results also show that the considerable capacity of developing A. maculatum embryos for inorganic carbon fixation precludes our ability to distinguish any minor role of photosynthetically transferred carbon from algal symbionts to host salamanders using bicarbonate introduced to the egg system as a marker.

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Invited review: Development of acid-base regulation in vertebrates

Cited by 14 publications

References 203 publications

Effect of an ionic antineoplastic agent Cytoreg on blood chemistry in a Wistar rat model

Effect of an ionic antineoplastic agent Cytoreg on blood chemistry in a Wistar rat model

Intracellular pH regulation and the acid delusion

Heterotrophic Carbon Fixation in a Salamander-Alga Symbiosis

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