— Invited Review — Amino acid requirements in horses

Mok, Chan Hee; Urschel, Kristine L.

doi:10.5713/ajas.20.0050

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…We identified that 69 signalling pathways were significantly activated ( p < 0.05) with Diana Tools mirPath software (Vlachos et al., 2015 ). The pathways remain diverse, but many of them, such as the TGF‐beta signalling pathway, lysine degradation, ECM‐receptor interactions, adherent junctions and focal adhesions, are involved in the control of normal and OA joints (Kang et al., 2016 ; Mok & Urschel, 2020 ; Shen et al., 2014 ; Van Der Kraan, 2018 ). Other pathways and their roles, including mTOR and HIF‐1 signalling pathways, have been investigated in exercised and sepsis‐related laminitis equine subjects, respectively (Hauss et al., 2021 ; Pawlak et al., 2014 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicle immunopathology biomarker discovery

Reynolds

Pan

et al. 2023

J of Extracellular Bio

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The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in human and veterinary clinical applications has become a subject of increasing importance due to their roles in immunomodulation and regenerative processes. MSCs are especially relevant in equine medicine because they may have the ability to treat prevalent musculoskeletal disorders, among other conditions. However, recent evidence suggests that the components secreted by MSCs, particularly extracellular vesicles (EVs), are responsible for these properties. EVs contain proteins and nucleic acids, which possess an active role in intercellular communication and can be used as therapeutics. However, because the intersection of equine veterinary medicine with EVs remains a relatively new field, there is a demand to identify biomarkers that can discern and enrich for therapeutic EVs, progressing their clinical efficacy. In this study, we identified and characterized 84 miRNAs, between three equine donors involved in immunomodulation in cell and EV subjects. We discovered distinct groups of shared miRNAs, like miR-21-5p and miR-451a, that are abundant and enriched between the donors' EVs, respectively. By mapping and comparing the MSC-EV miRNA expression, we discovered many pathways that are involved in immunomodulation and tissue regenerative processes related to equine clinical applications. Therefore, the miRNAs highlighted in this article can be used as valuable biomarkers for screening MSC-derived EVs for potential equine therapy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicle immunopathology biomarker discovery

Reynolds

Pan

et al. 2023

J of Extracellular Bio

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“…Both limiting and essential amino acids influence milk production and composition in lactating females ( 37 ). Despite being essential for equines ( 23 ), lysine and threonine's effects on mare milk composition have not been extensively studied. Milk production is a complex process involving biochemical synthesis of nutrients, primarily through the selective uptake and concentration of plasma by mammary epithelial cells ( 16 , 38 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The control group received no amino acid supplementation, while the three experimental groups were supplemented with different combinations of lysine and threonine (in powder form) added to their feed bags daily at 09:00 a.m. The supplementation regimen was based on the National Research Council ( 21 ) guidelines for lactating mares weighing 400 kg, adjusted to the mares' actual needs to establish a supplementation gradient ( 22 , 23 ). The specific dosages for each group are detailed in Table 1 , sourced from Xinjiang Sesame Trading Company.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares

Lin,

Jing,

Wang

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The nutritional benefits of mare milk are attracting increasing consumer interest. Limited availability due to low yield poses a challenge for widespread adoption. Although lysine and threonine are often used to enhance protein synthesis and muscle mass in horses, their impact on mare milk yield and nutrient composition remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of lysine and threonine supplementation on 24 healthy Yili mares, mares at day 30 of lactation, over a 120-day period. The mares were divided into control and three experimental groups (six mares each) under pure grazing conditions. The control group received no amino acid supplementation, while experimental groups received varying daily doses of lysine and threonine: Group I (40 g lysine + 20 g threonine), Group II (60 g lysine + 40 g threonine), and Group III (80 g lysine + 60 g threonine). Supplementation in Group II notably increased milk yield, while Groups I and II showed higher milk fat percentages, and all experimental groups exhibited improved milk protein percentages. Additionally, blood levels of total protein, albumin, triglycerides, and glucose were reduced. Detailed analyses from Group II at peak lactation (day 60) included targeted metabolomics and microbial sequencing of milk, blood, and fecal samples. Amino acid metabolomics assessed amino acid content in mare milk and serum, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing evaluated rectal microbial composition. The results indicated that lysine and threonine supplementation significantly increased levels of threonine and creatine in the blood, and lysine, threonine, glutamine, and alanine in mare milk. Microbial analysis revealed a higher prevalence of certain bacterial families and genera, including Prevotellaceae, p_251_o5, and Rikenellaceae at the family level, and unclassified_p_251_o5, Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group at the genus level. Multi-omics analysis showed positive correlations between specific fecal genera and amino acids in mare milk. For instance, Prevotellaceae_UCG_003, unclassified Bacteroidetes_BS11_gut_group, and Corynebacterium were positively correlated with lysine, while unclassified Prevotellaceae was positively correlated with alanine and threonine, and Unclassified_Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group was positively correlated with glutamine. In summary, lysine and threonine supplementation in grazing lactating mares enhanced milk production and improved milk protein and fat quality. It is recommended that herders, veterinarians, and technicians consider amino acid content in the diet of lactating mares. The optimal supplementation levels under grazing conditions for Yili horses were determined to be 60 g lysine and 40 g threonine per day. Future research should explore the molecular mechanisms by which these amino acids influence milk protein and lipid synthesis in mare mammary epithelial cells.

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“…Previous studies have shown that plasma serine and glycine concentrations rapidly decreased in early pregnant women compared to nonpregnant women (Kalhan et al, 2003). Cysteine is a semi‐essential amino acid that is synthesized from methionine (Mok & Urschel, 2020). These two amino acid metabolic pathways have close linkages (Wang et al, 2013), and the down‐regulated BHMT participated in both pathways, indicating the increase in protein consumption in horse pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of the serum proteome during early pregnancy in mares

Liang

Zheng

Tang

et al. 2022

Animal Science Journal

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Equine pregnancy is currently diagnosed by rectal palpation, ultrasonographic examination, or by measuring changes in hormones in the blood. In the present study, we identified proteins that are differentially expressed in the sera of early pregnant and non-pregnant mares in order to develop a novel method for diagnosing equine pregnancy. Serum samples were obtained from 18 adult mares, pregnancy at day 32 after ovulation (n = 9) and in diestrus (n = 9). Proteomic analysis of the samples was conducted using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 467 proteins from a total of 3514 peptides. Thirty-two proteins (15 upregulated and 17 downregulated) were significantly differentially expressed between the two groups. The Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that they are related to extracellular matrix assembly, blood coagulation, and hemostasis, and the prominent molecular functions were integrin binding, cell adhesion molecule binding, and glycine C-acetyltransferase activity. The pathway analysis of Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes showed that the top three pathways identified were glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; cysteine and methionine metabolism; and ether lipid metabolism. The selected five serum proteins were newly potential candidates for pregnancy diagnosis in mares.

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— Invited Review — Amino acid requirements in horses

Cited by 15 publications

References 84 publications

Equine mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicle immunopathology biomarker discovery

Equine mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicle immunopathology biomarker discovery

Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares

Quantitative analysis of the serum proteome during early pregnancy in mares

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