Invited Perspective: Metals and Menarche

In praise of fossil fuel subsidies (for cooking)‡

“…This analysis builds on previous work 1 where we estimated the impact of LPG scale-up from 1990 to 2019 on under-5 lower respiratory infections mortality (but is unpublished elsewhere). In comparison to Gould et al (2023)( 9 ), our approach differs in a few respects. First, our outcome of interest is all-cause, all-age mortality to more fully capture the potential benefits of clean fuel scale up.…”

“…λ cy is a vector of canton-year control variables, including the fraction of households that are classified as rural, the fraction of households that are grid electrified, a composite index of household building materials (roof, wall, floor) intended to serve as a proxy for infrastructure and wealth, toilet type intended to serve as a proxy for water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and wealth, the fraction of adult women that are literate, the fraction of girls under 18 years that are in school, the fraction of households where an individual speaks an indigenous language, and a composite index of under-5 vaccination rates (for more details see ref. ( 9 )). µ c is a vector of canton fixed effects that account for all locality-specific time-invariant characteristics correlated with either LPG scale up or mortality rates.…”